1
00:00:08,007 --> 00:00:09,709
>> GOOD AFTERNOON AND WELCOME TO

2
00:00:09,776 --> 00:00:11,311
THE SMITHSONIAN SPACE MUSEUM

3
00:00:11,378 --> 00:00:14,714
HIRE ON THE NATIONAL MALL IN

4
00:00:14,781 --> 00:00:15,582
WASHINGTON, D.C.

5
00:00:15,648 --> 00:00:17,417
I'M HERE IN THE PLANETARY

6
00:00:17,484 --> 00:00:18,752
SCIENCE IN SPACE HISTORY

7
00:00:18,818 --> 00:00:20,286
DEPARTMENT, AND WE'RE HERE TODAY

8
00:00:20,353 --> 00:00:23,223
IN OUR "MOVING BEYOND EARTH"

9
00:00:23,289 --> 00:00:25,058
GALLERY, THE GALLERY THAT

10
00:00:25,125 --> 00:00:28,061
CELEBRATES HUMAN EXPLORATION

11
00:00:28,128 --> 00:00:28,928
INTO ORBIT AND BEYOND.

12
00:00:28,995 --> 00:00:31,464
THE FOLKS WE'RE GOING TO HEAR

13
00:00:31,531 --> 00:00:34,601
FROM TODAY HAVE NEVER LEFT THE

14
00:00:34,667 --> 00:00:36,302
EARTH, BUT THEY HAVE EXPLORED

15
00:00:36,369 --> 00:00:39,005
THE OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM AND IN A

16
00:00:39,072 --> 00:00:40,607
SENSE HAVE BEEN OUR

17
00:00:40,673 --> 00:00:42,308
REPRESENTATIVES OUT IN SPACE, TO

18
00:00:42,375 --> 00:00:44,577
THE OUTER PLANETS.

19
00:00:44,644 --> 00:00:46,012
WE'RE HERE TO COMMEMORATE WITH

20
00:00:46,079 --> 00:00:49,048
THEM THE 40TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE

21
00:00:49,115 --> 00:00:50,917
VOYAGE OF SPACECRAFT.

22
00:00:50,984 --> 00:00:53,353
IT WAS AN EMIC MISSION TO

23
00:00:53,420 --> 00:00:55,088
EX-FLOOR THE OUTER PLANETS.

24
00:00:55,155 --> 00:00:56,790
A MISSION THAT TO THIS DAY I

25
00:00:56,856 --> 00:00:58,858
THINK STANDS OUT AS ONE OF THE

26
00:00:58,925 --> 00:01:01,594
MOST AMBITIOUS THAT NASA EVER

27
00:01:01,661 --> 00:01:03,797
SENT OUT IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM.

28
00:01:03,863 --> 00:01:06,599
TO ME THE MISSION HAS PERSONAL

29
00:01:06,666 --> 00:01:08,368
RELEVANCE NOT BECAUSE I HAVE

30
00:01:08,435 --> 00:01:09,302
EVER INVOLVED WITH IT, BUT

31
00:01:09,369 --> 00:01:11,204
BECAUSE AS A CHILD THE

32
00:01:11,271 --> 00:01:13,106
ENCOUNTERS WITH THE VARIOUS

33
00:01:13,173 --> 00:01:16,176
PLANETS ACTUALLY THE TWO FINAL

34
00:01:16,242 --> 00:01:17,610
PLANETS VENUS AND NEPTUNE,

35
00:01:17,677 --> 00:01:20,647
HELPED TO DEFINE MY CHILDHOOD

36
00:01:20,713 --> 00:01:23,750
AND DEFINE MY OWN UNDERSTANDING

37
00:01:23,817 --> 00:01:26,286
OF MY PLACE IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM.

38
00:01:26,352 --> 00:01:29,722
I WAS TOO YOUNG TO ENJOY THE FLY

39
00:01:29,789 --> 00:01:34,127
BYES OF JUPITER AND SATURN, BUT

40
00:01:34,194 --> 00:01:35,962
NEPTUNE, I REMEMBER QUITE

41
00:01:36,029 --> 00:01:37,730
CLEARLY SEEING THE IMAGES ON THE

42
00:01:37,797 --> 00:01:39,466
EVENING NEWS, AND REALLY BEING

43
00:01:39,532 --> 00:01:40,967
IMPRESSED BY WHAT WE WERE DOING

44
00:01:41,034 --> 00:01:42,635
OUT THERE IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM.

45
00:01:42,702 --> 00:01:44,504
I COULD FEEL THAT I WAS ONE OF

46
00:01:44,571 --> 00:01:47,140
THE FIRST TO SEE THESE PLANETS

47
00:01:47,207 --> 00:01:49,409
IN SUCH GREAT RESOLUTION.

48
00:01:49,476 --> 00:01:51,711
I'M SURE THAT SEVERAL OTHERS OF

49
00:01:51,778 --> 00:01:53,980
YOU, LIKE MYSELF, WHO WERE BORN

50
00:01:54,047 --> 00:01:57,350
IN THE '70S, MIGHT FEEL THE SAME

51
00:01:57,417 --> 00:01:58,218
WAY.

52
00:01:58,284 --> 00:02:00,620
ALSO, I WANT TO NOTE BEFORE

53
00:02:00,687 --> 00:02:02,689
GOING FURTHER THAT WE DO HAVE A

54
00:02:02,755 --> 00:02:04,724
WONDERFUL MODEL OF THE VOYAGER

55
00:02:04,791 --> 00:02:07,727
SPACECRAFT UPSTAIRS IN OUR

56
00:02:07,794 --> 00:02:09,429
"EXPLORING THE PLANETS "GALLERY.

57
00:02:09,496 --> 00:02:13,533
THAT IS TRUE TO THE ACTUAL

58
00:02:13,600 --> 00:02:15,268
VOYAGER, AND THERE WERE SOME OF

59
00:02:15,335 --> 00:02:17,070
THE PARTS USED IN ENGINEERING

60
00:02:17,136 --> 00:02:19,138
AND TESTING THE VOYAGER.

61
00:02:19,205 --> 00:02:21,708
IF YOU WANT TO SEE THAT

62
00:02:21,774 --> 00:02:23,676
SPACECRAFT IN ITS FULL SIZE AND

63
00:02:23,743 --> 00:02:25,144
GLORY, I SUGGEST YOU TAKE SOME

64
00:02:25,211 --> 00:02:27,180
TIME, IF YOU'RE HERE IN OUR

65
00:02:27,247 --> 00:02:28,815
AUDIENCE, TO GO UPSTAIRS AND

66
00:02:28,882 --> 00:02:30,250
TAKE A LOOK AT THE MODEL.

67
00:02:30,316 --> 00:02:38,925
IF YOU'RE WATCHING US ON

68
00:02:38,992 --> 00:02:41,194
NASATV,comeandtakealookatthatmod

69
00:02:41,261 --> 00:02:47,133
el.

70
00:02:47,200 --> 00:02:51,004
I DON'T THINK YOU'LL BE

71
00:02:51,070 --> 00:02:57,176
DISAPPOINTED.

72
00:02:57,243 --> 00:03:03,316
DR. ZUBRICAN HAS CO-AUTHORED 200

73
00:03:03,383 --> 00:03:03,750
ARTICLES.

74
00:03:03,816 --> 00:03:07,887
HE HAS BEEN INVOLVED IN SEVERAL

75
00:03:07,954 --> 00:03:13,059
NASA SCIENCE MISSIONS, INCLUDING

76
00:03:13,126 --> 00:03:19,999
THE ADVANCE COMPOSITION

77
00:03:20,066 --> 00:03:20,700
EXPLORER.

78
00:03:20,767 --> 00:03:23,870
SO DR. ZUBRICAN.

79
00:03:23,937 --> 00:03:24,504
[APPLAUSE]

80
00:03:24,571 --> 00:03:25,905
>> WELL, THANKS, EVERYBODY.

81
00:03:25,972 --> 00:03:29,375
IT'S REALLY A PLEASURE TO BE

82
00:03:29,442 --> 00:03:34,981
HERE WITH YOU TODAY TO CELEBRATE

83
00:03:35,048 --> 00:03:37,350
THIS PIONEERING MOMENT FOR BOTH

84
00:03:37,417 --> 00:03:41,054
NASA AND EXPLORATION HISTORY OF

85
00:03:41,120 --> 00:03:41,621
HUMANITY.

86
00:03:41,688 --> 00:03:47,460
HAPPY ANNIVERSARY TO VOYAGER.

87
00:03:47,527 --> 00:03:48,027
[APPLAUSE]

88
00:03:48,094 --> 00:03:50,597
OF COURSE, YOU KNOW THAT ON

89
00:03:50,663 --> 00:03:54,033
SEPTEMBER 5TH, FOUR DECADES AGO,

90
00:03:54,100 --> 00:03:57,737
1977, NASA LAUNCHED VOYAGER ONE.

91
00:03:57,804 --> 00:04:01,074
A LITTLE OVER EIGHT YEARS AFTER

92
00:04:01,140 --> 00:04:11,050
THE EIGHT YEARS OF APOLO 11.

93
00:04:11,117 --> 00:04:15,088
IT'S A MISSION THAT CHANGED

94
00:04:15,154 --> 00:04:16,856
EVERYTHING.

95
00:04:16,923 --> 00:04:19,859
IT NOT ONLY CHANGED WHAT WE KNOW

96
00:04:19,926 --> 00:04:21,327
BUT HOW WE THINK.

97
00:04:21,394 --> 00:04:22,862
AND WHAT WE CAN AND WHAT WE

98
00:04:22,929 --> 00:04:25,231
CAN'T DO AS HUMANS.

99
00:04:25,298 --> 00:04:27,467
IMAGINE THIS FALL CHILDREN ALL

100
00:04:27,533 --> 00:04:29,135
AROUND THE REGION, AROUND THE

101
00:04:29,202 --> 00:04:30,970
COUNTRY GOING TO SCHOOL, GETTING

102
00:04:31,037 --> 00:04:32,572
THEIR SCHOOL BOOKS AND LOOKING

103
00:04:32,639 --> 00:04:34,574
AT THE PICTURES IN THESE BOOKS,

104
00:04:34,641 --> 00:04:37,076
AND ESPECIALLY THE PICTURES OF

105
00:04:37,143 --> 00:04:38,611
THE PLANETS, MANY OF THESE

106
00:04:38,678 --> 00:04:44,017
PICTURES, OF COURSE, ARE REALLY

107
00:04:44,083 --> 00:04:44,851
YOUNG.

108
00:04:44,917 --> 00:04:45,418
MERCURY HAS PICTURES.

109
00:04:45,485 --> 00:04:47,620
I KNOW, I WAS ON THE MISSION

110
00:04:47,687 --> 00:04:50,189
TAKING IMAGES THERE.

111
00:04:50,256 --> 00:04:51,724
WE LOOK AT MARCHS.

112
00:04:51,791 --> 00:04:54,060
AND SOME OF THE MOST AMAZING

113
00:04:54,127 --> 00:04:55,261
INVESTIGATIONS GOING ON RIGHT

114
00:04:55,328 --> 00:04:57,830
NOW BOTH ON THE SURFACE AND ON

115
00:04:57,897 --> 00:04:58,564
ORBIT.

116
00:04:58,631 --> 00:04:59,932
THEN WE GO FURTHER OUT.

117
00:04:59,999 --> 00:05:03,836
AND THEN WE GET TO NEPTUNE AND

118
00:05:03,903 --> 00:05:05,638
FRANKLY EVERY PICTURE WE SEE

119
00:05:05,705 --> 00:05:07,807
THERE IT COMES FROM THESE

120
00:05:07,874 --> 00:05:10,243
SPACECRAFT THAT ARE OUT THERE

121
00:05:10,309 --> 00:05:11,477
FROM THE SPACECRAFT THAT FLEW

122
00:05:11,544 --> 00:05:11,811
BY.

123
00:05:11,878 --> 00:05:13,346
THAT ARE OUT THERE, AND WE HAVE

124
00:05:13,413 --> 00:05:14,847
NOT GONE BACK.

125
00:05:14,914 --> 00:05:19,218
TO ME, IT'S ALSO THE BEGINNING

126
00:05:19,285 --> 00:05:22,388
OF MY INTEREST.

127
00:05:22,455 --> 00:05:24,991
JUST WHEN I WAS A LITTLE BIT

128
00:05:25,058 --> 00:05:27,560
UNDER 10 YEARS OLD, WAS TO

129
00:05:27,627 --> 00:05:30,997
CELEBRATE THE UPCOMING LAUNCH OF

130
00:05:31,064 --> 00:05:34,233
VOYAGER, THE FIRST VOYAGER, AND

131
00:05:34,300 --> 00:05:35,001
VOYAGER TWO.

132
00:05:35,068 --> 00:05:36,536
I HAD THIS BOOK WITH ME AND

133
00:05:36,602 --> 00:05:37,937
STILL IN MY OFFICE.

134
00:05:38,004 --> 00:05:40,339
IF YOU'RE HERE WITH ME AT

135
00:05:40,406 --> 00:05:43,509
HEADQUARTERS, COME LOOK AT MY

136
00:05:43,576 --> 00:05:46,546
VOYAGER BOOK.

137
00:05:46,612 --> 00:05:48,715
EVEN IF WE WERE NOT FORTUNATE

138
00:05:48,781 --> 00:05:50,183
ENOUGH TO BE THERE WITH HANDS ON

139
00:05:50,249 --> 00:05:52,552
LIKE SO MANY OF THE PEOPLE WE'RE

140
00:05:52,618 --> 00:05:55,421
GOING TO HEAR ABOUT.

141
00:05:55,488 --> 00:05:57,190
SO VOYAGER TODAY EFFECT THE

142
00:05:57,256 --> 00:05:58,891
LIVES OF CHILDREN ALL AGES ALL

143
00:05:58,958 --> 00:06:01,227
OVER THE WORLD.

144
00:06:01,294 --> 00:06:04,697
KNOW THAT CHILDREN WERE NOT BORN

145
00:06:04,764 --> 00:06:06,532
WHEN VOYAGER WAS STILL ON THE

146
00:06:06,599 --> 00:06:07,400
GROUND.

147
00:06:07,467 --> 00:06:09,335
NOT EVEN OF THEIR PARENTS WERE

148
00:06:09,402 --> 00:06:13,172
BORN, AND HALF HUMANITY WAS NOT

149
00:06:13,239 --> 00:06:15,408
BORN WHEN VOYAGER WAS LAUNCHED.

150
00:06:15,475 --> 00:06:17,176
REALLY WHAT WE'RE CELEBRATING

151
00:06:17,243 --> 00:06:19,378
TODAY IS 40 YEARS OF DISCOVERY

152
00:06:19,445 --> 00:06:22,248
AND EXPLORATION HISTORY

153
00:06:22,315 --> 00:06:23,983
ECLIPSING EVERYBODY'S

154
00:06:24,050 --> 00:06:25,518
EXPECTATION.

155
00:06:25,585 --> 00:06:27,987
NEARLY 40 YEARS LATER THE

156
00:06:28,054 --> 00:06:30,289
SUCCESSFUL VOYAGER RUN CONTINUE

157
00:06:30,356 --> 00:06:33,760
TO PROVIDE US WITH UNPRECEDENTED

158
00:06:33,826 --> 00:06:39,499
INFORMATION ABOUT THE PLACE AND

159
00:06:39,565 --> 00:06:40,099
EVENT.

160
00:06:40,166 --> 00:06:42,168
VOYAGER HAS TRAVELED

161
00:06:42,235 --> 00:06:43,569
14 BILLION MILES FROM EARTH, THE

162
00:06:43,636 --> 00:06:45,471
FARTHEST OF ANY SPACECRAFT.

163
00:06:45,538 --> 00:06:47,473
IT IS NOW TRAVELING THROUGH THE

164
00:06:47,540 --> 00:06:52,311
EMPTINESS AND LONELINESS OF

165
00:06:52,378 --> 00:06:53,379
INTERSTELLAR SPACE HAVING LEFT

166
00:06:53,446 --> 00:06:54,313
THE SUN.

167
00:06:54,380 --> 00:06:58,184
IT'S EXPECTED TO TRANSMIT DATA

168
00:06:58,251 --> 00:07:00,920
UNTIL 2025.

169
00:07:00,987 --> 00:07:04,690
VOYAGER IS APPROACHING THE

170
00:07:04,757 --> 00:07:06,726
BOUNDARY, AND IT'S STILL GOING.

171
00:07:06,793 --> 00:07:12,231
AS I SAID, VOYAGER IS THE APOLO

172
00:07:12,298 --> 00:07:15,201
11 FOR THE SPACE BEYOND AND

173
00:07:15,268 --> 00:07:16,202
BEYOND THE IMAGINABLE.

174
00:07:16,269 --> 00:07:19,872
IT IS A MISSION DRIVEN BY

175
00:07:19,939 --> 00:07:22,875
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND A

176
00:07:22,942 --> 00:07:25,878
MISSION OF PIONEERING AND

177
00:07:25,945 --> 00:07:26,412
EXPLORATION.

178
00:07:26,479 --> 00:07:28,181
A MISSION THAT HAS OPENED

179
00:07:28,247 --> 00:07:31,450
ENTIRELY NEW QUESTIONS THAT KEEP

180
00:07:31,517 --> 00:07:38,291
US AWAKE TODAY.

181
00:07:38,357 --> 00:07:41,794
IN ITS LAST ORBIT IT'S HARD TO

182
00:07:41,861 --> 00:07:43,663
IMAGINE WITHOUT VOYAGER AHEAD OF

183
00:07:43,729 --> 00:07:44,197
IT.

184
00:07:44,263 --> 00:07:46,766
THE IMAGES ARE ALL LOWER

185
00:07:46,833 --> 00:07:47,934
MONITORS TODAY.

186
00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:53,506
WE THINK OF IT, AND THE ICY

187
00:07:53,573 --> 00:07:56,042
SURFACE STARTING WITH VOYAGER.

188
00:07:56,108 --> 00:07:58,311
EVERY 50 DAYS OR SO WE LOOK AT

189
00:07:58,377 --> 00:08:01,180
NEW IMAGES FROM JUNO TO

190
00:08:01,247 --> 00:08:02,582
INVESTIGATE THE MISSION.

191
00:08:02,648 --> 00:08:06,752
AND OF COURSE, REMEMBER GALILEO,

192
00:08:06,819 --> 00:08:10,456
ONE OF THE MOST RECENT PASSES OF

193
00:08:10,523 --> 00:08:12,725
JUPITER'S GIGANTIC STORE THAT

194
00:08:12,792 --> 00:08:15,328
LASTED FOR A MILLENNIA, AND IT

195
00:08:15,394 --> 00:08:19,131
IS GETTING WEAKER.

196
00:08:19,198 --> 00:08:25,905
WE IMAGINE EXPLORING ONE OF

197
00:08:25,972 --> 00:08:28,040
JUPITER'S MOONS.

198
00:08:28,107 --> 00:08:31,043
AND A WHOLE OCEAN TO BE

199
00:08:31,110 --> 00:08:31,777
EXPLORED.

200
00:08:31,844 --> 00:08:33,079
IN FACT, WE PUT AN ANNOUNCEMENT

201
00:08:33,145 --> 00:08:34,747
OUT TO THE SCIENCE COMMUNITY TO

202
00:08:34,814 --> 00:08:37,083
MAKE THE NEXT STEP TOWARDS

203
00:08:37,149 --> 00:08:38,284
UNDERSTANDING THE BOUNDARY OF

204
00:08:38,351 --> 00:08:41,687
THE SUN THAT HE LIVES HERE, AND

205
00:08:41,754 --> 00:08:45,091
THIS MISSION, AS WE CALL IT, IS

206
00:08:45,157 --> 00:08:46,292
TO MAP OUT THIS EXPLORATION

207
00:08:46,359 --> 00:08:50,997
REGION OUT THERE, AND ALSO

208
00:08:51,063 --> 00:08:55,201
CONDUCT INTERSTELLAR RESEARCH IN

209
00:08:55,268 --> 00:08:57,036
WAYS WE HAVE NEVER DONE BEFORE.

210
00:08:57,103 --> 00:08:59,906
WHAT IS STREAMING EVEN BIGGER,

211
00:08:59,972 --> 00:09:01,374
THESE TECHNOLOGIES IN A WE HAVE

212
00:09:01,440 --> 00:09:05,378
TODAY ALLOW US TO GO THE

213
00:09:05,444 --> 00:09:06,145
DISTANCE.

214
00:09:06,212 --> 00:09:07,747
WE WANT TO GO FURTHER.

215
00:09:07,813 --> 00:09:11,150
WE WANT TO GO FASTER, AND WE'RE

216
00:09:11,217 --> 00:09:11,984
DREAMING, TOGETHER WITH THE

217
00:09:12,051 --> 00:09:14,754
CHILDREN OF THIS WORLD ABOUT

218
00:09:14,820 --> 00:09:16,389
GOING TO OUTER STARS.

219
00:09:16,455 --> 00:09:20,192
THAT'S THE DIRECTION VOYAGER HAS

220
00:09:20,259 --> 00:09:20,793
ADVANCED.

221
00:09:20,860 --> 00:09:24,330
I WANT TO CONGRATULATE ALL THE

222
00:09:24,397 --> 00:09:25,898
GENERATIONS OF THE VOYAGER TEAM.

223
00:09:25,965 --> 00:09:27,466
REMEMBER THE ONES WHO ARE NO

224
00:09:27,533 --> 00:09:29,702
LONGER WITH US, AND WE CELEBRATE

225
00:09:29,769 --> 00:09:33,472
THE ONES WHO ARE MAKING VOYAGER

226
00:09:33,539 --> 00:09:39,578
WORK TODAY ALL THE WAY TO

227
00:09:39,645 --> 00:09:42,515
AUSTRALIA.

228
00:09:42,581 --> 00:09:44,216
CONGRATULATIONS AND

229
00:09:44,283 --> 00:09:46,419
ENCOURAGEMENT GOES TO SQUEEZING

230
00:09:46,485 --> 00:09:47,620
EVERY OUNCE OF SCIENCE OUT OF

231
00:09:47,687 --> 00:09:51,390
THESE BITS, THESE RARE AND

232
00:09:51,457 --> 00:09:54,260
PRECIOUS BITS COMING TO US.

233
00:09:54,327 --> 00:09:58,631
SO I WANT TO THANK SUSAN DOBBS,

234
00:09:58,698 --> 00:10:03,769
THE CURRENT VOYAGER PROJECT

235
00:10:03,836 --> 00:10:05,438
MANAGER WHO WORKED ON THIS

236
00:10:05,504 --> 00:10:07,573
MISSION SINCE 1948, AND MANY OF

237
00:10:07,640 --> 00:10:10,009
HER FRIENDS--I KNOW ANDREA, OF

238
00:10:10,076 --> 00:10:12,611
COURSE, I WORKED WITH HER.

239
00:10:12,678 --> 00:10:15,681
I'M SO EXCITED TO WELCOME YOU

240
00:10:15,748 --> 00:10:17,750
ALL FROM JPL, MANY OF YOU

241
00:10:17,817 --> 00:10:19,552
STARTED IN THE 80s, AND SOME

242
00:10:19,618 --> 00:10:21,821
OF YOU STARTED MORE RECENTLY.

243
00:10:21,887 --> 00:10:23,689
WE WON'T SAY WHO, BUT I'M REALLY

244
00:10:23,756 --> 00:10:25,458
EXCITED THAT YOU'RE HERE AND

245
00:10:25,524 --> 00:10:27,793
CELEBRATING WITH US.

246
00:10:27,860 --> 00:10:30,396
DR. STONE, MY FRIEND FOR

247
00:10:30,463 --> 00:10:33,199
DECADES, THE RETIRED DIRECTOR

248
00:10:33,265 --> 00:10:36,469
FROM NASA, AND ON THE VOYAGER

249
00:10:36,535 --> 00:10:42,942
PROJECT TEAM SINCE 1972, AND ONE

250
00:10:43,009 --> 00:10:44,810
OF THE KEY CONTRIBUTERS TO THE

251
00:10:44,877 --> 00:10:47,013
SCIENCE.

252
00:10:47,079 --> 00:10:54,253
AND ADRIAN COWROTE SIX NEW YORK

253
00:10:54,320 --> 00:10:56,589
BESS SELLERS WITH CARL SAGAN, SO

254
00:10:56,655 --> 00:10:57,857
THANK YOU FOR ALL THE WORK

255
00:10:57,923 --> 00:11:07,733
YOU'VE DONE.

256
00:11:07,800 --> 00:11:10,202
>> GARY, AN INNOVATIVE, WHO

257
00:11:10,269 --> 00:11:12,805
GRANTED A MULTI PLANET MISSION

258
00:11:12,872 --> 00:11:14,807
TO REDUCE THE MISSION DURATION

259
00:11:14,874 --> 00:11:16,642
FROM 40 YEARS TO LESS THAN 10

260
00:11:16,709 --> 00:11:17,176
YEARS.

261
00:11:17,243 --> 00:11:24,784
AND NASA USES OF COURSE, VOYAGER

262
00:11:24,850 --> 00:11:29,088
1 AND VOYAGER 2 MISSIONS.

263
00:11:29,155 --> 00:11:31,991
AND ONE OF THE FUNNIEST GUYS AT

264
00:11:32,058 --> 00:11:33,959
ANY PARTY YOU'LL GO TO--YOU KNOW

265
00:11:34,026 --> 00:11:50,443
WHAT I MEAN--WORK WITH ED STONE.

266
00:11:50,509 --> 00:11:55,648
AND I WANT TO THANK THEM FOR

267
00:11:55,714 --> 00:11:58,517
HOSTING US.

268
00:11:58,584 --> 00:12:00,686
I COME HERE WITH MY CHILDREN OR

269
00:12:00,753 --> 00:12:07,226
BY MYSELF, THEY ALL PERFORM A

270
00:12:07,293 --> 00:12:15,501
REMARKABLE SERVICE EDUCATING.

271
00:12:15,568 --> 00:12:18,270
TO DRIVE US TO KEEP PUSHING

272
00:12:18,337 --> 00:12:19,572
AGAINST IGNORANCE OF

273
00:12:19,638 --> 00:12:22,408
RESEARCHERS.

274
00:12:22,475 --> 00:12:24,677
WHAT I WOULD LIKE TO DO IS KICK

275
00:12:24,743 --> 00:12:27,580
OFF A MOVIE MADE FOR THIS EVENT.

276
00:12:27,646 --> 00:12:28,314
THANK YOU SO MUCH.

277
00:14:54,159 --> 00:14:46,385
[APPLAUSE]

278
00:14:54,226 --> 00:14:56,195
>> IT'S NOW MY PLEASURE TO

279
00:14:56,262 --> 00:15:00,065
INTRODUCE OUR FIRST PANEL OF THE

280
00:15:00,132 --> 00:15:02,101
DAY.

281
00:15:02,167 --> 00:15:03,769
THEY HAVE ALREADY BEEN GIVEN

282
00:15:03,836 --> 00:15:05,537
PRETTY GOOD INTRODUCTIONS.

283
00:15:05,604 --> 00:15:08,073
WE HAVE DR. ED STONE, WHO HAS

284
00:15:08,140 --> 00:15:11,744
BEEN A PROJECT SCIENTIST ON

285
00:15:11,810 --> 00:15:13,646
VOYAGER FROM 1972 TO THE

286
00:15:13,712 --> 00:15:14,246
PRESENT.

287
00:15:14,313 --> 00:15:17,750
WE HAVE DR. GARY FLANDRO, THE

288
00:15:17,816 --> 00:15:18,851
BOILING CHAIR AT THE UNIVERSITY

289
00:15:18,917 --> 00:15:22,187
OF TENNESSEE'S SPACE INSTITUTE,

290
00:15:22,254 --> 00:15:26,859
AND WHO WAS THE FIRST TO PROPOSE

291
00:15:26,925 --> 00:15:28,694
THE GRAND TOUR MULTI PLANET

292
00:15:28,761 --> 00:15:31,130
EXPLORATION OF THE OUTER

293
00:15:31,196 --> 00:15:31,597
PLANETS.

294
00:15:31,664 --> 00:15:35,501
WE HAVE ALAN CUMMINGS.

295
00:15:35,567 --> 00:15:39,371
ALAN CUMMINGS HAS BEEN EMPLOYED

296
00:15:39,438 --> 00:15:42,708
AT CALTECH SINCE 1973, AND HE'S

297
00:15:42,775 --> 00:15:44,977
PRESENTLY A CURRENT SENIOR

298
00:15:45,044 --> 00:15:46,445
SCIENTIST AND MEMBER OF THE

299
00:15:46,512 --> 00:15:47,413
PROFESSIONAL STAFF THERE.

300
00:15:47,479 --> 00:15:52,685
WE HAVE SUSAN DOBBS, JPL

301
00:15:52,751 --> 00:15:55,387
DIRECTOR OF THE INTERPLAN TORE

302
00:15:55,454 --> 00:15:57,623
DIRECTORATE, AND SHE HAS OVER 30

303
00:15:57,690 --> 00:16:00,092
YEARS EXPERIENCE SERVING A

304
00:16:00,159 --> 00:16:01,760
PROJECT MANAGER ROLE OF VOYAGER

305
00:16:01,827 --> 00:16:02,928
AND OTHER MISSIONS.

306
00:16:02,995 --> 00:16:06,965
AND WE HAVE ANDREA, AND AND

307
00:16:07,032 --> 00:16:09,401
AUTHOR AND LECTURER, MOTION

308
00:16:09,468 --> 00:16:11,403
PICTURE WRITER AND PRODUCER

309
00:16:11,470 --> 00:16:14,173
WHOSE WORK IS LARGELY CONCERNED

310
00:16:14,239 --> 00:16:16,642
ABOUT TECHNOLOGY ON OUR

311
00:16:16,709 --> 00:16:17,343
CIVILIZATION.

312
00:16:17,409 --> 00:16:21,447
SHE WAS WINNER OF PEABODY AWARD

313
00:16:21,513 --> 00:16:26,218
COSMOS, AND DIRECTOR OF NASA'S

314
00:16:26,285 --> 00:16:28,787
"ENTER STELLAR MESSAGE PROJECT."

315
00:16:28,854 --> 00:16:31,090
I'LL START ASKING OUR PANELISTS

316
00:16:31,156 --> 00:16:33,926
A FEW QUESTIONS, AND WE'LL START

317
00:16:33,992 --> 00:16:37,062
WITH DR. STONE, DR. STONE, WHAT

318
00:16:37,129 --> 00:16:40,299
IS SO SPECIAL ABOUT VOYAGER?

319
00:16:40,366 --> 00:16:42,234
>> WELL, FROM MANY POINTS OF

320
00:16:42,301 --> 00:16:45,637
VIEW VOYAGER REPRESENTS THE MOST

321
00:16:45,704 --> 00:16:47,940
AMBITIOUS JOURNEY OF DISCOVERY.

322
00:16:48,006 --> 00:16:50,342
THAT'S WHAT I THINK IS REALLY

323
00:16:50,409 --> 00:16:51,710
KENNEDY'S LEGACY.

324
00:16:51,777 --> 00:16:54,012
>> AND TELL US ABOUT THE

325
00:16:54,079 --> 00:16:58,350
BEGINNINGS OF THE MISSION.

326
00:16:58,417 --> 00:17:00,919
>> THE VOYAGER BEGAN WHEN THEY

327
00:17:00,986 --> 00:17:05,023
DISCOVERED THAT IT THERE WAS A

328
00:17:05,090 --> 00:17:07,693
YEAR 1997, PLUS OR MINUS A YEAR

329
00:17:07,760 --> 00:17:11,029
WHERE A SINGLE AIRCRAFT COULD BE

330
00:17:11,096 --> 00:17:14,299
LAUNCHED AND FLY BY ALL GIANT

331
00:17:14,366 --> 00:17:15,734
PLANETS, THAT WAS CALLED THE

332
00:17:15,801 --> 00:17:17,569
GRAND TOUR.

333
00:17:17,636 --> 00:17:21,473
IN 1972 THEY WERE DOWN SIZED BY

334
00:17:21,540 --> 00:17:24,376
MARINER JUPITER SATURN FOUR-YEAR

335
00:17:24,443 --> 00:17:27,780
MISSION BETWEEN THOSE TWO GIANT

336
00:17:27,846 --> 00:17:29,948
PLANETS AND THEIR MOONS AND

337
00:17:30,015 --> 00:17:30,382
RINGS.

338
00:17:30,449 --> 00:17:32,418
THAT WAS SUPPOSED TO BE LAUNCHED

339
00:17:32,484 --> 00:17:34,052
IN 1977 SO IF THEY CONTINUED TO

340
00:17:34,119 --> 00:17:38,490
WORK THEY COULD GO ON TO URANIS

341
00:17:38,557 --> 00:17:40,159
AND NEPTUNE AND COMPLETING THE

342
00:17:40,225 --> 00:17:42,361
GRAND TOUR OF THE OUTER PLANETS

343
00:17:42,428 --> 00:17:44,096
HAS GARY HAD PROMISED A WAY TO

344
00:17:44,163 --> 00:17:46,265
DO THAT IN 12 YEARS RATHER THAN

345
00:17:46,331 --> 00:17:46,865
30 YEARS.

346
00:17:46,932 --> 00:17:49,134
SO WE REALLY HAVE HIM TO THANK

347
00:17:49,201 --> 00:17:52,337
THAT WE COULD DO IT IN A 12-YEAR

348
00:17:52,404 --> 00:17:53,138
JOURNEY.

349
00:17:53,205 --> 00:17:55,374
>> VOYAGER HAS MADE MANY

350
00:17:55,441 --> 00:17:55,941
DISCOVERIES.

351
00:17:56,008 --> 00:17:57,409
WHAT ARE SOME OF YOUR FAVORITES.

352
00:17:57,476 --> 00:18:00,279
>> IF I COULD HAVE THE FIRST

353
00:18:00,345 --> 00:18:00,712
SLIDE?

354
00:18:00,779 --> 00:18:02,815
IT SHOWS JUPITER IN A GREAT RED

355
00:18:02,881 --> 00:18:08,353
SPOT ALONG WITH TWO OF JUPITER'S

356
00:18:08,420 --> 00:18:09,188
MOONS.

357
00:18:09,254 --> 00:18:11,890
BEFORE VOYAGER, THE ONLY KNOWN

358
00:18:11,957 --> 00:18:17,496
ACTIVE VOLCANO IN THE SOLAR

359
00:18:17,563 --> 00:18:19,465
SYSTEM--THE ONLY KNOWN ACTIVE

360
00:18:19,531 --> 00:18:21,033
VOLCANOS WERE HERE ON EARTH.

361
00:18:21,099 --> 00:18:25,037
AND THEN VOYAGER FLEW BY A MOON

362
00:18:25,103 --> 00:18:27,973
OF JUPITER ABOUT THE SIZE OF OUR

363
00:18:28,040 --> 00:18:31,176
MOON TEN TIMES THE VOLCANIC

364
00:18:31,243 --> 00:18:31,743
ACTIVITY.

365
00:18:31,810 --> 00:18:33,378
AND IT IS QUITE A STRIKING

366
00:18:33,445 --> 00:18:35,013
CHANGE WHEN WE REALIZED THAT THE

367
00:18:35,080 --> 00:18:37,249
EARTH WAS NOT LONGER THE MOST

368
00:18:37,316 --> 00:18:39,184
ACTIVE VOLCANIC BODY.

369
00:18:39,251 --> 00:18:42,054
BEFORE EARTH THE ONLY KNOWN

370
00:18:42,120 --> 00:18:43,689
LIQUID WATER OCEANS WERE ON

371
00:18:43,755 --> 00:18:48,427
EARTH, AND THEN VOYAGER COVERED

372
00:18:48,494 --> 00:18:50,829
ONE OF JUPITER'S MOONS AND WE

373
00:18:50,896 --> 00:18:53,332
SAW THAT IT WAS ICE, AND WE SAW

374
00:18:53,398 --> 00:18:58,170
CRACKED ICE AS IF IT WAS ON A

375
00:18:58,237 --> 00:19:00,239
LIQUID WATER OCEAN, IN A WAS

376
00:19:00,305 --> 00:19:01,673
DEMONSTRATED IT WAS, INDEED, THE

377
00:19:01,740 --> 00:19:02,374
FACT.

378
00:19:02,441 --> 00:19:15,220
THERE WAS A LIQUID WATER OCEAN.

379
00:19:15,287 --> 00:19:17,523
ON TO SATURN, ONE OF THE KEY

380
00:19:17,589 --> 00:19:19,925
ISSUES THERE WAS IT'S MOON

381
00:19:19,992 --> 00:19:20,792
TITAN.

382
00:19:20,859 --> 00:19:24,897
BEFORE VOYAGER THE ONLY KNOWN

383
00:19:24,963 --> 00:19:28,400
NITROGEN ATMOSPHERE WAS HERE ON

384
00:19:28,467 --> 00:19:29,434
EARTH.

385
00:19:29,501 --> 00:19:33,205
THEN WE FLEW BY TITAN WHICH HAS

386
00:19:33,272 --> 00:19:36,942
90% HIGHER NITROGEN, AND IT HAS

387
00:19:37,009 --> 00:19:39,211
METHANE IN THE ATMOSPHERE, NOT

388
00:19:39,278 --> 00:19:44,449
OXYGEN, SO IT'S A COMPLEX

389
00:19:44,516 --> 00:19:47,019
ORGANIC MOLECULES THAT CREATES

390
00:19:47,085 --> 00:19:48,587
HAZE AND CANNOT BE SEEN THROUGH.

391
00:19:48,654 --> 00:19:52,824
AND THEN SEVERAL DECADES LATER

392
00:19:52,891 --> 00:19:56,762
WE HAD A RADAR SYSTEM THAT COULD

393
00:19:56,828 --> 00:19:57,896
SEE THROUGH THE HAZE AND THERE

394
00:19:57,963 --> 00:20:02,100
IS LIQUID GAS ON THE MOON,

395
00:20:02,167 --> 00:20:03,735
PERHAPS REPRESENTING WHAT THE

396
00:20:03,802 --> 00:20:05,671
EARTH LOOKED LIKE BEFORE IT

397
00:20:05,737 --> 00:20:17,082
EVOLVED.

398
00:20:17,149 --> 00:20:19,184
WITH PLANET ROTATION, THERE WAS

399
00:20:19,251 --> 00:20:22,454
A MAGNETIC FIELD, AND THEN

400
00:20:22,521 --> 00:20:25,724
URANIS AND NEPTUNE WE FOUND THAT

401
00:20:25,791 --> 00:20:28,560
THE MAGNETIC PULL WAS NEARER THE

402
00:20:28,627 --> 00:20:31,263
EQUATOR.

403
00:20:31,330 --> 00:20:32,631
SUDDENLY FROM EARTH WHAT

404
00:20:32,698 --> 00:20:34,166
MAGNETIC FIELDS WERE LIKE HAD TO

405
00:20:34,232 --> 00:20:36,034
BE GREATLY EXPANDED.

406
00:20:36,101 --> 00:20:39,738
THEN FOLLOWING THAT WAS ANOTHER

407
00:20:39,805 --> 00:20:43,008
MOON SMALLER THAN OUR MOON,

408
00:20:43,075 --> 00:20:46,478
COLDER, 390 DEGREES BELOW

409
00:20:46,545 --> 00:20:49,081
FAHRENHEIT, AND SO COLD THAT THE

410
00:20:49,147 --> 00:20:53,151
NITROGEN IS FROZEN INTO AN ICY

411
00:20:53,218 --> 00:20:56,054
POLAR CAP.

412
00:20:56,121 --> 00:20:58,023
THE DARK STREAKS ARE GEYSERS

413
00:20:58,090 --> 00:21:00,425
ERUPTERS AND THERE ARE TWO

414
00:21:00,492 --> 00:21:02,594
ACTIVE GEYSERS AT THE TIME WE

415
00:21:02,661 --> 00:21:04,496
FLEW BY ON A WORLD SO COLD THAT

416
00:21:04,563 --> 00:21:08,133
EVEN NITROGEN WAS FROZEN.

417
00:21:08,200 --> 00:21:09,935
SO VOYAGER CAUSED US TO GREATLY

418
00:21:10,002 --> 00:21:11,937
EXPAND WHAT WE THOUGHT WE KNEW

419
00:21:12,004 --> 00:21:13,505
ABOUT PLANETS AND WHAT WE

420
00:21:13,572 --> 00:21:15,273
THOUGHT WE KNEW ABOUT RINGS, AND

421
00:21:15,340 --> 00:21:19,077
WHAT WE THOUGHT ABOUT MAGNETIC

422
00:21:19,144 --> 00:21:21,546
FIELDS, AND WHAT WE THOUGHT NEX.

423
00:21:21,613 --> 00:21:25,817
IN THE EARLY 1970s, IF YOU I'LLE

424
00:21:25,884 --> 00:21:27,619
QUESTIONTUNE, THE

425
00:21:27,686 --> 00:21:30,522
ANSWER WAS A FEW DECADES.

426
00:21:30,589 --> 00:21:32,324
HOW WAS THIS MISSION POSSIBLE IN

427
00:21:32,391 --> 00:21:34,226
THE SPAN OF A DOZEN YEARS.

428
00:21:34,292 --> 00:21:36,728
>> THE KEY IS TO USE FREE

429
00:21:36,795 --> 00:21:37,462
ENERGY.

430
00:21:37,529 --> 00:21:39,564
WE'RE NOT USING ROCKETS, WE'RE

431
00:21:39,631 --> 00:21:42,300
USING FREE ENERGY, WHICH WE'LL

432
00:21:42,367 --> 00:21:43,001
EXPLAIN.

433
00:21:43,068 --> 00:21:46,371
WE'LL PUT THE FIRST SLIDE UP.

434
00:21:46,438 --> 00:21:50,509
FIRST SLIDE, OKAY, THIS IS

435
00:21:50,575 --> 00:21:54,312
ACTUALLY THE RESULT OF THOUSANDS

436
00:21:54,379 --> 00:21:55,213
OF CALCULATIONS.

437
00:21:55,280 --> 00:21:56,882
I HAD TO RUN THOUSANDS AND

438
00:21:56,948 --> 00:21:59,618
THOUSANDS OF MIRACLE

439
00:21:59,685 --> 00:22:01,219
CALCULATIONS AND TRAJECTORIES

440
00:22:01,286 --> 00:22:03,321
LOOKING FOR POSSIBLE OUTER

441
00:22:03,388 --> 00:22:03,922
PLANET MISSION.

442
00:22:03,989 --> 00:22:05,123
THIS WAS MY FAVORITE HERE IN THE

443
00:22:05,190 --> 00:22:08,593
FIRST ONE THAT WAS PUBLISHED

444
00:22:08,660 --> 00:22:10,195
SHOWING 1978 LAUNCH FROM THE

445
00:22:10,262 --> 00:22:10,762
EARTH.

446
00:22:10,829 --> 00:22:12,197
I PUT THIS UP SO YOU COULD GET

447
00:22:12,264 --> 00:22:14,366
SOME IDEA ABOUT THE ANGLES THAT

448
00:22:14,433 --> 00:22:17,803
YOU HAVE TO DEFLECT THE

449
00:22:17,869 --> 00:22:19,104
TRAJECTORY THROUGH TO GAIN

450
00:22:19,171 --> 00:22:19,438
ENERGY.

451
00:22:19,504 --> 00:22:21,940
SO I START WITH THE EARTH FROM

452
00:22:22,007 --> 00:22:23,742
SEPTEMBER 1978 THAT TINY DASH

453
00:22:23,809 --> 00:22:24,242
LINE.

454
00:22:24,309 --> 00:22:27,112
AND MAKING 135-DEGREE TURN OVER

455
00:22:27,179 --> 00:22:28,747
TO JUPITER, AND HERE'S NOW WHERE

456
00:22:28,814 --> 00:22:30,248
WE START BEGINNING ENERGY.

457
00:22:30,315 --> 00:22:32,451
IF WE DIDN'T DO ANYTHING I WOULD

458
00:22:32,517 --> 00:22:35,020
COME RIGHT BACK TO THE EARTH,

459
00:22:35,087 --> 00:22:35,687
BASICALLY.

460
00:22:35,754 --> 00:22:38,957
NOW WHEN I GO PAST JUPITER, I

461
00:22:39,024 --> 00:22:43,729
GET A TREMENDOUS SLINGSHOT

462
00:22:43,795 --> 00:22:44,396
EFFECT.

463
00:22:44,463 --> 00:22:46,465
JUPITER IS PULLING ALONG, AND

464
00:22:46,531 --> 00:22:47,499
ADDS A TREMENDOUS BOOST OF

465
00:22:47,566 --> 00:22:47,833
ENERGY.

466
00:22:47,899 --> 00:22:49,301
I USED TO LIKE TO TELL MY

467
00:22:49,367 --> 00:22:51,236
STUDENTS IF I TOOK A SPACECRAFT

468
00:22:51,303 --> 00:22:53,905
THE SIZE OF THE VOYAGER ABOUT A

469
00:22:53,972 --> 00:22:55,807
VOLKSWAGEN SIZE, THAT'S

470
00:22:55,874 --> 00:23:01,379
EQUIVALENT TO ABOUT FOUR SATURN

471
00:23:01,446 --> 00:23:03,014
FIVE ROCKETS.

472
00:23:03,081 --> 00:23:04,282
YOU CAN HOOK THEM UP AND GET A

473
00:23:04,349 --> 00:23:05,450
TREMENDOUS BOOST IN SPEED.

474
00:23:05,517 --> 00:23:07,419
NOW IT'S NEVER GOING TO COME

475
00:23:07,486 --> 00:23:07,986
BACK.

476
00:23:08,053 --> 00:23:10,355
IT'S IN A HYPERBOLIC ORBIT NOW.

477
00:23:10,422 --> 00:23:13,225
IT IS OVER THERE TO SATURN, YOU

478
00:23:13,291 --> 00:23:15,193
CAN ASK ME IN A MINUTE WHERE I

479
00:23:15,260 --> 00:23:16,128
FIGURED THIS OUT.

480
00:23:16,194 --> 00:23:16,995
I CAN SHOW YOU.

481
00:23:17,062 --> 00:23:19,931
WE GET TO SATURN, AND IN 1978,

482
00:23:19,998 --> 00:23:21,600
AND I LOVE THIS ONE BECAUSE I

483
00:23:21,666 --> 00:23:22,768
COULD GET SO FAST.

484
00:23:22,834 --> 00:23:25,103
I COULD GET CLEAR OUT TO NEPTUNE

485
00:23:25,170 --> 00:23:26,338
IN SEVEN AND A HALF YEARS.

486
00:23:26,404 --> 00:23:29,608
TO DO IT YOU SEE WHAT SATURN

487
00:23:29,674 --> 00:23:31,143
SEES WITH LITTLE RINGS THERE.

488
00:23:31,209 --> 00:23:33,979
I HAD TO GO BETWEEN THE PLANET

489
00:23:34,045 --> 00:23:35,914
AND THE RINGS, WHICH FOR SOME

490
00:23:35,981 --> 00:23:36,915
THAT SCARES PEOPLE.

491
00:23:36,982 --> 00:23:40,385
ALTHOUGH CASSINI HAS BEEN DOING

492
00:23:40,452 --> 00:23:40,952
THAT.

493
00:23:41,019 --> 00:23:43,622
YOU CAN GET A HUGE BOOST AND GET

494
00:23:43,688 --> 00:23:46,825
TO URANIS REALLY QUICKLY AND

495
00:23:46,892 --> 00:23:48,827
THEN NEPTUNE, AND THEN OUT OF

496
00:23:48,894 --> 00:23:50,829
THE SOLAR SYSTEM, AND THAT'S

497
00:23:50,896 --> 00:23:53,498
WHERE WE GO INTERSTELLAR AT THAT

498
00:23:53,565 --> 00:23:54,199
POINT.

499
00:23:54,266 --> 00:23:55,667
HOW COULD WE EVER SELL THIS?

500
00:23:55,734 --> 00:23:58,637
BUT THE KEY TO SELLING IT IS TO

501
00:23:58,703 --> 00:24:01,640
NOTICE THAT SOME IMPORTANT EVENT

502
00:24:01,706 --> 00:24:04,843
HAPPENS WITHIN A FOUR-YEAR TIME

503
00:24:04,910 --> 00:24:05,143
SPAN.

504
00:24:05,210 --> 00:24:06,378
IF IT DOESN'T, THEN YOU NEVER

505
00:24:06,444 --> 00:24:08,814
GET ANY MONEY FROM THE

506
00:24:08,880 --> 00:24:09,581
GOVERNMENT.

507
00:24:09,648 --> 00:24:10,215
THAT'S WHAT MADE IT WORK.

508
00:24:10,282 --> 00:24:12,184
LET ME SHOW YOU HOW WE FOUND IT.

509
00:24:12,250 --> 00:24:14,319
LET'S GO ON TO THE NEXT SLIDE.

510
00:24:14,386 --> 00:24:16,087
THE NEXT SLIDE SHOWS THE ACTUAL

511
00:24:16,154 --> 00:24:17,722
THING THAT I USE TO FIGURE OUT

512
00:24:17,789 --> 00:24:19,124
THAT YOU COULD DO IT.

513
00:24:19,191 --> 00:24:20,859
ALONG THE BOTTOM ARE THE DATES.

514
00:24:20,926 --> 00:24:23,628
I WAS LOOKING FOR THE NEXT 10 OR

515
00:24:23,695 --> 00:24:25,697
20 YEARS FROM WHEN I WAS WORKING

516
00:24:25,764 --> 00:24:26,464
IN 1965.

517
00:24:26,531 --> 00:24:30,602
ON THE TOP--ON THE OTHER

518
00:24:30,669 --> 00:24:31,837
AXIS--VERTICAL AXIS, THESE ARE

519
00:24:31,903 --> 00:24:33,872
THE ANGLES THAT I WAS SHOWING

520
00:24:33,939 --> 00:24:35,240
YOU FROM THAT LAST SLIDE.

521
00:24:35,307 --> 00:24:37,309
I COULD SEE SOMETHING REALLY

522
00:24:37,375 --> 00:24:38,443
REMARKABLE HERE.

523
00:24:38,510 --> 00:24:41,246
IN THE 1980s OR SO, ALL OF THE

524
00:24:41,313 --> 00:24:42,848
TRACKS OF THE OUTER PLANET

525
00:24:42,914 --> 00:24:44,316
CROSSED SO THAT THE PLANETS WERE

526
00:24:44,382 --> 00:24:45,884
ALL ON THE SAME SIDE.

527
00:24:45,951 --> 00:24:48,220
OH MY GOSH, I BETTER LOOK THERE.

528
00:24:48,286 --> 00:24:51,656
THAT MEANS YOU COULD PROBABLY

529
00:24:51,723 --> 00:24:52,791
GET ONE SPACECRAFT THAT COULD

530
00:24:52,858 --> 00:24:54,326
HIT ALL THOSE PLANETS, WHICH IS

531
00:24:54,392 --> 00:24:55,193
WHAT HAPPENED.

532
00:24:55,260 --> 00:24:57,295
THAT'S HOW IT WAS DISCOVERED.

533
00:24:57,362 --> 00:24:58,864
AND THEN THE HARD WORK STARTS.

534
00:24:58,930 --> 00:25:01,233
YOU HAVE TO RUN ALL THESE

535
00:25:01,299 --> 00:25:03,235
TRAJECTORIES TO FIND THE BEST

536
00:25:03,301 --> 00:25:04,202
LAUNCH WINDOWS.

537
00:25:04,269 --> 00:25:07,572
THE ANSWER THERE WAS 1977 AND

538
00:25:07,639 --> 00:25:08,340
1978.

539
00:25:08,406 --> 00:25:11,810
THE REAL PROBLEM HERE IS THAT IT

540
00:25:11,877 --> 00:25:13,378
RECURS EVERY 175 YEARS.

541
00:25:13,445 --> 00:25:15,347
IF YOU MISSED THIS ONE, YOU'VE

542
00:25:15,413 --> 00:25:17,449
LOST IT BECAUSE IT TAKES TIME TO

543
00:25:17,515 --> 00:25:18,450
BUILD A SPACECRAFT.

544
00:25:18,516 --> 00:25:19,417
WE HAD TEN YEARS TO DO IT.

545
00:25:19,484 --> 00:25:21,853
THE LAST TIME THIS OPPORTUNITY

546
00:25:21,920 --> 00:25:24,422
CAME WAS WHEN THOMAS JEFFERSON

547
00:25:24,489 --> 00:25:29,194
WAS PRESIDENT, AND HE MUFFED IT.

548
00:25:29,261 --> 00:25:29,895
[LAUGHTER]

549
00:25:29,961 --> 00:25:30,862
>> YOU'VE ALREADY ANTICIPATED

550
00:25:30,929 --> 00:25:32,030
ONE OF THE OTHER QUESTIONS.

551
00:25:32,097 --> 00:25:35,300
LET ME ASK YOU, IF THE FIRST

552
00:25:35,367 --> 00:25:39,504
SUCCESSFUL GRAVITY ASSIST WAS

553
00:25:39,571 --> 00:25:41,006
1974 WAS MARINER 10, HOW DID YOU

554
00:25:41,072 --> 00:25:42,674
KNOW THAT THIS WOULD WORK?

555
00:25:42,741 --> 00:25:43,975
WHAT OTHER PROBLEMS DID YOU

556
00:25:44,042 --> 00:25:45,176
THINK MIGHT HAPPEN?

557
00:25:45,243 --> 00:25:46,745
>> I KNEW IT WOULD WORK BECAUSE

558
00:25:46,811 --> 00:25:48,179
ASTRONOMERS HAVE KNOWN ABOUT IT

559
00:25:48,246 --> 00:25:50,181
SINCE THE 1700s, AND A LOT OF

560
00:25:50,248 --> 00:25:53,018
PEOPLE SINCE THEN HAVE--IF YOU

561
00:25:53,084 --> 00:25:55,921
FLY PAST A PLANET YOU'LL GAIN OR

562
00:25:55,987 --> 00:25:58,390
LOSE ENERGY DEPENDING ON WHICH

563
00:25:58,456 --> 00:25:59,424
WAY YOU PASS.

564
00:25:59,491 --> 00:26:01,559
SO I KNEW IT WOULD WORK.

565
00:26:01,626 --> 00:26:03,395
WE DEPUTY STRAIGHTED THAT WITH

566
00:26:03,461 --> 00:26:08,600
THE MARINER EARTH VENUS MERCURY

567
00:26:08,667 --> 00:26:09,467
TRAJECTORY.

568
00:26:09,534 --> 00:26:11,503
WE KNEW THAT IT WOULD WORK.

569
00:26:11,569 --> 00:26:12,437
NO PROBLEM.

570
00:26:12,504 --> 00:26:15,006
JUST GETTING THE MONEY WAS THE

571
00:26:15,073 --> 00:26:16,107
HARD PART.

572
00:26:16,174 --> 00:26:18,877
>> WE'LL MOVE ONTO DR. CUMMINGS.

573
00:26:18,944 --> 00:26:20,679
DR. CUMMINGS, TELL US HOW YOU

574
00:26:20,745 --> 00:26:23,715
FIRST GOT INVOLVED WITH VOYAGER.

575
00:26:23,782 --> 00:26:25,984
>> ACTUALLY, I GOT INVOLVED IN

576
00:26:26,051 --> 00:26:27,585
VOYAGER BECAUSE I LOST THE

577
00:26:27,652 --> 00:26:28,887
EXPERIMENT I HAD BEEN WORKING

578
00:26:28,954 --> 00:26:29,454
ON.

579
00:26:29,521 --> 00:26:30,789
IT WENT MISSING IN

580
00:26:30,855 --> 00:26:31,556
ACTION--SERIOUSLY.

581
00:26:31,623 --> 00:26:34,092
WHAT HAPPENS WAS I WAS IN CANADA

582
00:26:34,159 --> 00:26:36,795
IN 1973, THE SUMMER OF '73, AND

583
00:26:36,861 --> 00:26:38,096
I WAS DOING WHAT WE HAD BEEN

584
00:26:38,163 --> 00:26:39,564
DOING FOR YEARS, WHICH IS ATTACH

585
00:26:39,631 --> 00:26:41,766
OUR EXPERT TO THE BOTTOM OF A

586
00:26:41,833 --> 00:26:43,635
HUGE BALLOON, SENT IT TO THE TOP

587
00:26:43,702 --> 00:26:46,571
OF THE ATMOSPHERE, WHERE WE TOOK

588
00:26:46,638 --> 00:26:47,939
OUR MEASUREMENTS.

589
00:26:48,006 --> 00:26:52,444
THE IDEA WAS THAT IT WOULD DRIFT

590
00:26:52,510 --> 00:26:56,247
WEST 500 MILES DURING THE COURSE

591
00:26:56,314 --> 00:26:58,049
OF THE DAY, THEN YOU WOULD BRING

592
00:26:58,116 --> 00:26:59,417
IT DOWN AND START ALL OVER

593
00:26:59,484 --> 00:26:59,985
AGAIN.

594
00:27:00,051 --> 00:27:01,486
BUT THE COMMAND TO CUT IT DOWN

595
00:27:01,553 --> 00:27:04,823
DIDN'T WORK, AND THE BACKUP

596
00:27:04,889 --> 00:27:06,591
CUT-DOWN TIMER DIDN'T WORK, AND

597
00:27:06,658 --> 00:27:07,659
WE KEPT GOING.

598
00:27:07,726 --> 00:27:08,927
IT WENT AROUND THE WORLD.

599
00:27:08,994 --> 00:27:10,628
IT WENT AROUND THE WORLD TWICE.

600
00:27:10,695 --> 00:27:12,931
ONE AND A HALF TIMES BECAUSE THE

601
00:27:12,998 --> 00:27:14,399
SECOND TIME OVER RUSSIA, THEY

602
00:27:14,466 --> 00:27:16,334
NOTICED IT AND THEY GOT IT.

603
00:27:16,401 --> 00:27:18,236
SO THAT ENDED THAT EXPERIMENT.

604
00:27:18,303 --> 00:27:21,373
I GOT BACK TO CAL TECH ALL

605
00:27:21,439 --> 00:27:21,940
DEJECTED.

606
00:27:22,007 --> 00:27:23,308
THEY SAID WELL, HOW WOULD YOU

607
00:27:23,375 --> 00:27:26,711
LIKE TO START WORKING ON A NEW

608
00:27:26,778 --> 00:27:29,948
PROJECT CALLED MJS 77, WHICH WAS

609
00:27:30,015 --> 00:27:31,783
THE EARLY NAME FOR VOYAGER.

610
00:27:31,850 --> 00:27:33,251
I SAID OKAY.

611
00:27:33,318 --> 00:27:34,552
THE REST IS HISTORY.

612
00:27:34,619 --> 00:27:35,920
I'VE BEEN WORKING ON IT EVER

613
00:27:35,987 --> 00:27:36,821
SINCE.

614
00:27:36,888 --> 00:27:39,524
NOW LOOKING BACK ON 1973 AND

615
00:27:39,591 --> 00:27:41,059
LOSING THAT BALLOON, IT WAS NOT

616
00:27:41,126 --> 00:27:41,893
ALL THAT BAD.

617
00:27:41,960 --> 00:27:43,528
I GOT TO START WORKING ON THE

618
00:27:43,595 --> 00:27:45,063
GREATEST MISSION EVER, REALLY.

619
00:27:45,130 --> 00:27:46,765
>> SO YOU WERE PUT IN THE RIGHT

620
00:27:46,831 --> 00:27:49,134
PLACE AT THE RIGHT TIME WITH

621
00:27:49,200 --> 00:27:50,301
IDLE HANDS.

622
00:27:50,368 --> 00:27:50,969
>> YES.

623
00:27:51,036 --> 00:27:52,070
>> TELL ME ABOUT YOUR

624
00:27:52,137 --> 00:27:53,304
EXPERIENCES WITH VOYAGER.

625
00:27:53,371 --> 00:27:55,306
WHAT ARE SOME OF YOUR MEMORIES?

626
00:27:55,373 --> 00:27:56,674
>> WELL, RIGHT OFF THE BAT, ONE

627
00:27:56,741 --> 00:27:58,343
OF THE EARLY ONES I THINK I WAS

628
00:27:58,410 --> 00:28:00,345
THE LAST PERSON TO PHYSICALLY

629
00:28:00,412 --> 00:28:02,680
TOUCH THE SPACECRAFT.

630
00:28:02,747 --> 00:28:04,549
RIGHT DURING THE LAST STEP OF

631
00:28:04,616 --> 00:28:07,252
THE CAPSULATION OF THE

632
00:28:07,318 --> 00:28:10,221
SPACECRAFT WE WERE WORRIED ABOUT

633
00:28:10,288 --> 00:28:11,790
OUR FRAGILE WINDOWS ON OUR

634
00:28:11,856 --> 00:28:12,557
INSTRUMENTS.

635
00:28:12,624 --> 00:28:16,194
I WAS ALLOWED TO CRAWL UP IN

636
00:28:16,261 --> 00:28:17,162
THERE AND INSPECT THEM.

637
00:28:17,228 --> 00:28:19,030
AND MAKE SURE THAT THE WINDOWS

638
00:28:19,097 --> 00:28:20,999
WERE TIGHT ON THE TELESCOPES.

639
00:28:21,066 --> 00:28:23,001
SO I GAVE EACH ONE A LITTLE

640
00:28:23,068 --> 00:28:23,501
TWIST.

641
00:28:23,568 --> 00:28:25,737
SO IT IS EERIE TO THINK IF I WAS

642
00:28:25,804 --> 00:28:27,539
THE LAST PERSON TO TOUCH THEM,

643
00:28:27,605 --> 00:28:29,274
THE NEXT PERSON TO TOUCH THEM IS

644
00:28:29,340 --> 00:28:33,278
GOING TO BE A SPACE ALIEN.

645
00:28:33,344 --> 00:28:34,012
[ CHUCKLING ]

646
00:28:34,079 --> 00:28:35,447
ANOTHER THING, AND BRING UP THIS

647
00:28:35,513 --> 00:28:36,514
SLIDE HERE, YES.

648
00:28:36,581 --> 00:28:41,419
THIS IS A PICTURE OF OUR COSMIC

649
00:28:41,486 --> 00:28:44,522
TEAM LOOKING AT OUR FIRST DATA

650
00:28:44,589 --> 00:28:46,324
IN 1977 FROM VOYAGER 2.

651
00:28:46,391 --> 00:28:51,930
I'M THE ONE BENT OVER.

652
00:28:51,996 --> 00:28:54,599
I WAS THE ONLY ONE, APPARENTLY,

653
00:28:54,666 --> 00:28:56,167
WHO COULD RAID THE DATA UPSIDE

654
00:28:56,234 --> 00:28:56,734
DOWN.

655
00:28:56,801 --> 00:28:58,837
BUT AT THE TIME THIS PICTURE WAS

656
00:28:58,903 --> 00:29:00,472
TAKEN WE WERE NOT CONVINCED THAT

657
00:29:00,538 --> 00:29:02,307
THIS INSTRUMENT WAS WORKING, BUT

658
00:29:02,373 --> 00:29:04,509
IT WAS AND IT HAS BEEN FOR 40

659
00:29:04,576 --> 00:29:05,243
YEARS IN SPACE.

660
00:29:05,310 --> 00:29:12,817
BUT FOR ME, COSMIC PHYSICIST,

661
00:29:12,884 --> 00:29:15,553
THIS WAS THE HOLY GRAIL IN MY

662
00:29:15,620 --> 00:29:16,121
AREA OF RESEARCH.

663
00:29:16,187 --> 00:29:18,323
THAT'S THE FIRST TIME YOU COULD

664
00:29:18,389 --> 00:29:23,027
MEASURE THE LOW PART OF THE

665
00:29:23,094 --> 00:29:24,162
COSMIC RAY DISTRIBUTION.

666
00:29:24,229 --> 00:29:26,998
THOSE PARTICLES ARE NOT

667
00:29:27,065 --> 00:29:30,268
DETECTABLE IN THE SPHERE, YOU

668
00:29:30,335 --> 00:29:31,970
COULD ONLY DO THAT WHEN YOU'RE

669
00:29:32,036 --> 00:29:34,005
THERE.

670
00:29:34,072 --> 00:29:35,473
AND ONE OF THE REASONS IS THAT

671
00:29:35,540 --> 00:29:38,543
THE RACE ARE A HAZARD TO

672
00:29:38,610 --> 00:29:40,545
ASTRONAUTS ON LONG DURATION

673
00:29:40,612 --> 00:29:41,112
MISSION.

674
00:29:41,179 --> 00:29:42,313
NOW WE KNOW THAT THE SUN GOES

675
00:29:42,380 --> 00:29:45,049
QUIET FOR A CERTAIN PERIOD, AND

676
00:29:45,116 --> 00:29:52,590
WHAT IS THE MAXIMUM THAT THE

677
00:29:52,657 --> 00:29:53,691
ASTRONAUTS WOULD HAVE TO DEAL

678
00:29:53,758 --> 00:29:54,025
WITH.

679
00:29:54,092 --> 00:29:56,327
>> HOW DO WE KNOW THAT VOYAGER

680
00:29:56,394 --> 00:29:58,496
IS STILL OUT IN STELLAR SPACE?

681
00:29:58,563 --> 00:29:59,998
>> THAT TOOK AWHILE TO FIGURE

682
00:30:00,064 --> 00:30:01,032
OUT, ACTUALLY.

683
00:30:01,099 --> 00:30:04,369
FROM OUR DATA, THE WAY THEY

684
00:30:04,435 --> 00:30:08,273
BEHAVED, YES, WE'RE ENTERING

685
00:30:08,339 --> 00:30:10,074
INTERSTELLAR SPACE IN 2012.

686
00:30:10,141 --> 00:30:13,678
BUT THEN THEY SAID THE MAGNETIC

687
00:30:13,745 --> 00:30:14,412
FIELD DIRECTION DIDN'T CHANGE AT

688
00:30:14,479 --> 00:30:14,679
ALL.

689
00:30:14,746 --> 00:30:16,681
THAT WOULD MEAN THAT THE SUN'S

690
00:30:16,748 --> 00:30:19,551
MAGNETIC FIELD AND THE GALAXY'S

691
00:30:19,617 --> 00:30:20,752
MAGNETIC FIELD WERE LINED UP,

692
00:30:20,818 --> 00:30:23,288
AND THAT DIDN'T SEEM LIKELY.

693
00:30:23,354 --> 00:30:26,024
THEN THE PLASMA WAVE TEAM CAME

694
00:30:26,090 --> 00:30:26,724
TO THE RESCUE.

695
00:30:26,791 --> 00:30:29,527
LET ME SHOW IT TO YOU IN A

696
00:30:29,594 --> 00:30:30,995
MINUTE.

697
00:30:31,062 --> 00:30:33,932
ANYWAY, THE SUN SENT OUT SOME

698
00:30:33,998 --> 00:30:36,734
BIG BLAST WAVES, AND THEY

699
00:30:36,801 --> 00:30:39,103
REACHED THE VICINITY OF VOYAGER

700
00:30:39,170 --> 00:30:41,239
ONE.

701
00:30:41,306 --> 00:30:44,108
AND THE PLASMA WAVE MEASURED THE

702
00:30:44,175 --> 00:30:46,010
FREQUENCY OF THOSE OSCILLATIONS.

703
00:30:46,077 --> 00:30:47,812
IF YOU KNOW THE FREQUENCY OF

704
00:30:47,879 --> 00:30:48,980
THOSE OSCILLATIONS.

705
00:30:49,047 --> 00:30:52,317
THEN YOU KNOW THE DENSITY OF THE

706
00:30:52,383 --> 00:30:52,917
PLASMA.

707
00:30:52,984 --> 00:30:56,487
THESE COLORED SPLOTCHES ARE

708
00:30:56,554 --> 00:30:57,188
REPRESENTATIVE OF THE

709
00:30:57,255 --> 00:30:57,622
OSCILLATION.

710
00:30:57,689 --> 00:30:59,958
AND TURNS OUT THAT THE DENSITY

711
00:31:00,024 --> 00:31:02,260
IS EXPECTED IN INTERSTELLAR

712
00:31:02,327 --> 00:31:05,430
SPACE AND NOT INSIDE THE HELIO

713
00:31:05,496 --> 00:31:05,930
POD.

714
00:31:05,997 --> 00:31:08,533
THAT'S WHEN WE KNEW THAT VOYAGER

715
00:31:08,600 --> 00:31:10,368
ONE HAD GONE INTERSTELLAR.

716
00:31:10,435 --> 00:31:13,838
BY THE WAY, THEY'RE COMING TO

717
00:31:13,905 --> 00:31:15,406
GRIPS WITH THE DATA AND FIGURING

718
00:31:15,473 --> 00:31:17,775
OUT THAT WHY THAT HAPPENED, AND

719
00:31:17,842 --> 00:31:21,279
IT'S JUST INTERACTION BETWEEN

720
00:31:21,346 --> 00:31:26,084
SPHERES IS A LITTLE MORE

721
00:31:26,150 --> 00:31:28,720
COMPLICATED THAN WE FIRST

722
00:31:28,786 --> 00:31:30,188
THOUGHT.

723
00:31:30,255 --> 00:31:31,856
>> DR. DODD, MAYBE WE CAN ASK

724
00:31:31,923 --> 00:31:34,459
YOU WHERE ARE THE FIRST GRAPHIC.

725
00:31:34,525 --> 00:31:37,161
I WOULD LIKE TO SAY THE JOY OF

726
00:31:37,228 --> 00:31:38,830
TWO SPACECRAFTS, YOU HAVE TO

727
00:31:38,896 --> 00:31:41,733
HAVE A MODEL THAT FITS BOTH DATA

728
00:31:41,799 --> 00:31:42,500
POINTS.

729
00:31:42,567 --> 00:31:44,969
SO WE HAVE TWO SPACE CRAFTS THAT

730
00:31:45,036 --> 00:31:46,037
ARE IDENTICAL.

731
00:31:46,104 --> 00:31:47,705
VOYAGER 1 IS THE ONE WHERE YOU

732
00:31:47,772 --> 00:31:50,041
LOOK ON THIS GRAPHIC IT IS GOING

733
00:31:50,108 --> 00:31:51,476
UP AND OUT.

734
00:31:51,542 --> 00:31:55,246
IT IS IN INTERSTELLAR SPACE AS

735
00:31:55,313 --> 00:31:58,549
OF AUGUST 25, 2012.

736
00:31:58,616 --> 00:32:00,018
VOYAGER 2 IS GOING DOWN AND OUT

737
00:32:00,084 --> 00:32:02,787
AND HAS YET TO CROSS THE

738
00:32:02,854 --> 00:32:04,055
BOUNDARY INTO INTERSTELLAR

739
00:32:04,122 --> 00:32:04,355
SPACE.

740
00:32:04,422 --> 00:32:05,089
THAT'S PROBABLY THE NUMBER ONE

741
00:32:05,156 --> 00:32:07,859
QUESTION THAT ANYBODY WHO WORKS

742
00:32:07,925 --> 00:32:11,963
ON THE PROJECT GETS.

743
00:32:12,030 --> 00:32:15,733
SO VOYAGER 1 WAS ACTUALLY

744
00:32:15,800 --> 00:32:17,602
LAUNCHED SECOND, BUT IT IS

745
00:32:17,669 --> 00:32:18,703
TRAVELING THE FASTEST.

746
00:32:18,770 --> 00:32:21,272
IT IS THE FURTHEST SPACECRAFT

747
00:32:21,339 --> 00:32:25,510
FROM US AT 13 BILLION MILES AND

748
00:32:25,576 --> 00:32:26,644
TRAVELS 38,000 MILES AN HOUR

749
00:32:26,711 --> 00:32:27,211
APPROXIMATELY.

750
00:32:27,278 --> 00:32:29,247
NOTHING IS GOING TO CATCH UP TO

751
00:32:29,314 --> 00:32:29,847
IT.

752
00:32:29,914 --> 00:32:31,316
AND VOYAGER 2 IS TRAVELING A

753
00:32:31,382 --> 00:32:36,020
LITTLE BIT SLOWER, 34,000 MPH

754
00:32:36,087 --> 00:32:37,088
APPROXIMATELY, 40 TIMES THE

755
00:32:37,155 --> 00:32:42,493
SPEED OF SOUND HERE ON EARTH.

756
00:32:42,560 --> 00:32:45,730
>> SO, MOVING THAT SO FAR AWAY

757
00:32:45,797 --> 00:32:49,067
HOW DO WE COMMUNICATE WITH THESE

758
00:32:49,133 --> 00:32:49,801
SPACECRAFTS?

759
00:32:49,867 --> 00:32:50,635
>> BECAUSE VOYAGERS ARE SO FAR

760
00:32:50,702 --> 00:32:52,637
AWAY THEY NEED TO USE THE DEEP

761
00:32:52,704 --> 00:32:57,041
SPACE NETWORK ANTENNAS, WHICH IS

762
00:32:57,108 --> 00:32:59,310
LARGE ARRAY.

763
00:32:59,377 --> 00:33:01,579
THEY'RE 70-METER ANTENNA AND

764
00:33:01,646 --> 00:33:05,149
THEY'RE LOCATED IN AUSTRALIA, IN

765
00:33:05,216 --> 00:33:07,452
SPAIN, AND HERE IN

766
00:33:07,518 --> 00:33:08,786
CALIFORNIA--I'M NOT IN

767
00:33:08,853 --> 00:33:10,054
CALIFORNIA NOW.

768
00:33:10,121 --> 00:33:13,991
BUT BACK HOME IN CALIFORNIA.

769
00:33:14,058 --> 00:33:17,495
AND SO THE WAY VOYAGER OPERATES

770
00:33:17,562 --> 00:33:18,563
IS SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT THAN OTHER

771
00:33:18,629 --> 00:33:19,364
MISSIONS IN THE SENSE THAT MOST

772
00:33:19,430 --> 00:33:21,733
OF THE DATA COMES DOWN

773
00:33:21,799 --> 00:33:23,801
CONTINUOUSLY IN REALTIME, AND

774
00:33:23,868 --> 00:33:25,169
SENT DOWN TO THE EARTH.

775
00:33:25,236 --> 00:33:27,405
AND WE CAPTURE THE DATA WITH THE

776
00:33:27,472 --> 00:33:29,340
SPACE NETWORK AND ANTENNAS.

777
00:33:29,407 --> 00:33:31,142
SO WHEN WE'RE LISTENING TO THAT

778
00:33:31,209 --> 00:33:33,111
DATA, WE CAPTURE THE DATA, AND

779
00:33:33,177 --> 00:33:37,749
WE CAPTURE DATA FROM BOTH

780
00:33:37,815 --> 00:33:40,451
SPACECRAFT FOUR TO SIX HOURS A

781
00:33:40,518 --> 00:33:42,787
DAY FROM EACH SPACECRAFT.

782
00:33:42,854 --> 00:33:44,455
WE SEND COMMANDS TO THE

783
00:33:44,522 --> 00:33:45,556
SPACECRAFT ONCE A WEEK.

784
00:33:45,623 --> 00:33:47,191
A LOT OF TIMES THOSE COMMANDS

785
00:33:47,258 --> 00:33:48,259
ARE HOW ARE YOU?

786
00:33:48,326 --> 00:33:49,827
HOW ARE YOU DOING?

787
00:33:49,894 --> 00:33:51,462
NOW, BECAUSE OF THE DISTANCE THE

788
00:33:51,529 --> 00:33:57,034
ROUND TRIP LIFETIME FOR VOYAGER

789
00:33:57,101 --> 00:33:57,969
1 IS 38 HOURS.

790
00:33:58,035 --> 00:33:59,303
WHAT THAT MEANS IS THAT

791
00:33:59,370 --> 00:34:00,772
ENGINEERS, WE'RE IN OUR OFFICE

792
00:34:00,838 --> 00:34:01,973
ON A MONDAY AFTERNOON.

793
00:34:02,039 --> 00:34:04,242
WE TYPE A COMMAND THAT SAYS

794
00:34:04,308 --> 00:34:05,376
HELLO TO VOYAGER.

795
00:34:05,443 --> 00:34:06,444
WE SEND IT OFF.

796
00:34:06,511 --> 00:34:08,479
WE COME BACK IN THE OFFICE NOT

797
00:34:08,546 --> 00:34:10,148
TUESDAY BUT WEDNESDAY MORNING,

798
00:34:10,214 --> 00:34:11,649
AND VOYAGER SAYS, I'M FINE, HOW

799
00:34:11,716 --> 00:34:14,485
ARE YOU DOING?

800
00:34:14,552 --> 00:34:17,288
MORE THAN A DAY AND A HALF FOR

801
00:34:17,355 --> 00:34:19,590
ROUND TRIP FLIGHT TIME FOR

802
00:34:19,657 --> 00:34:20,358
VOYAGER 1.

803
00:34:20,425 --> 00:34:22,393
THAT HAS ITS OWN CHALLENGES IN

804
00:34:22,460 --> 00:34:23,428
COMMUNICATING WITH THE

805
00:34:23,494 --> 00:34:23,895
SPACECRAFT.

806
00:34:23,961 --> 00:34:27,698
>> HOW ARE THE VOYAGERS DOING?

807
00:34:27,765 --> 00:34:30,201
>> WELL, PULL UP THE NEXT SLIDE.

808
00:34:30,268 --> 00:34:33,638
THE VOYAGERS ARE HEALTHY AS

809
00:34:33,704 --> 00:34:34,806
SENIOR CITIZENS CAN BE.

810
00:34:34,872 --> 00:34:36,407
THAT'S THE WAY I LIKE TO THINK

811
00:34:36,474 --> 00:34:37,742
OF THEM.

812
00:34:37,809 --> 00:34:38,976
THEY'RE TWIN SPACECRAFT,

813
00:34:39,043 --> 00:34:42,447
IDENTICAL AND I THINK OF THEM AS

814
00:34:42,513 --> 00:34:54,659
TWIN, SENIOR-CITIZEN SISTERS.

815
00:34:54,725 --> 00:34:57,829
VOYAGER 2 IS TONE DEAF.

816
00:34:57,895 --> 00:35:00,965
VOYAGER 1 DOES NOT HAVE AN

817
00:35:01,032 --> 00:35:04,402
ACTIVE OR OPERATING PLASMA

818
00:35:04,469 --> 00:35:05,403
SCIENCE INSTRUMENT.

819
00:35:05,470 --> 00:35:08,339
WHAT THAT MEANS IS THAT VOYAGER

820
00:35:08,406 --> 00:35:10,475
1 CANNOT DIRECTLY FEEL THE SOLAR

821
00:35:10,541 --> 00:35:12,510
WIND AND HIGHER ENERGY CHARGED

822
00:35:12,577 --> 00:35:14,445
PARTICLES COMING FROM THE SUN.

823
00:35:14,512 --> 00:35:17,381
AS ALEX EXPLAINED, IT HAD TO

824
00:35:17,448 --> 00:35:21,085
INFER THAT A DIFFERENT

825
00:35:21,152 --> 00:35:21,819
INSTRUMENT.

826
00:35:21,886 --> 00:35:24,689
EACH OF THE SPACECRAFTS HAD

827
00:35:24,755 --> 00:35:26,424
REDUNDANT SYSTEMS WHEN THEY WERE

828
00:35:26,491 --> 00:35:26,991
LAUNCHED.

829
00:35:27,058 --> 00:35:28,759
OVER TIME CERTAIN THINGS WERE

830
00:35:28,826 --> 00:35:29,527
BROKEN.

831
00:35:29,594 --> 00:35:30,962
WE'VE HAD TO GO TO THE BACKUP

832
00:35:31,028 --> 00:35:32,663
SYSTEM AND WE'VE TURNED THINGS

833
00:35:32,730 --> 00:35:33,297
OFF.

834
00:35:33,364 --> 00:35:35,500
POWER IS OUR LIMITING RESOURCE.

835
00:35:35,566 --> 00:35:39,770
WE USE ISOTOPE GENERATORS ON

836
00:35:39,837 --> 00:35:42,039
VOYAGER, THE BIG CANISTER BOOMS

837
00:35:42,106 --> 00:35:43,774
OUT HERE ON THE LEFT SIDE OF THE

838
00:35:43,841 --> 00:35:46,477
IMAGE YOU'RE SEEING.

839
00:35:46,544 --> 00:35:48,913
WE LOSE FOUR WATTS OF FOUR A

840
00:35:48,980 --> 00:35:49,514
YEAR.

841
00:35:49,580 --> 00:35:51,449
NOW GOING INTO OUR FIFTH DECADE

842
00:35:51,516 --> 00:35:52,950
OF OPERATION, THE REAL KEY IS

843
00:35:53,017 --> 00:35:55,853
HOW LONG TO MAKE THIS SPACECRAFT

844
00:35:55,920 --> 00:35:56,621
OPERATE?

845
00:35:56,687 --> 00:35:58,356
AND WHEN WE HAVE TO START

846
00:35:58,422 --> 00:36:00,157
TURNING OFF INSTRUMENTS, AND HOW

847
00:36:00,224 --> 00:36:01,092
LONG CAN WE LAST?

848
00:36:01,158 --> 00:36:03,494
AND IT'S A BALANCE BETWEEN THE

849
00:36:03,561 --> 00:36:05,897
ENGINEERING AND THE SCIENCE

850
00:36:05,963 --> 00:36:06,597
DESIRES.

851
00:36:06,664 --> 00:36:08,332
WE HOPE TO KEEP THIS MISSION

852
00:36:08,399 --> 00:36:11,302
OPERATING AND HAVE SCIENCE

853
00:36:11,369 --> 00:36:15,973
INSTRUMENTS OPERATING GOING INTO

854
00:36:16,040 --> 00:36:18,442
2025, 2026, 2027, WE'RE NOT

855
00:36:18,509 --> 00:36:20,211
SURE, BUT PERSONALLY I HOPE I

856
00:36:20,278 --> 00:36:22,313
CAN SIT HERE TEN YEARS FROM NOW

857
00:36:22,380 --> 00:36:24,582
AND TALK ABOUT THE

858
00:36:24,649 --> 00:36:25,416
50TH ANNIVERSARY OF VOYAGER

859
00:36:25,483 --> 00:36:27,552
LAUNCH AND STILL HAVE THEM

860
00:36:27,618 --> 00:36:29,487
FLYING.

861
00:36:29,554 --> 00:36:30,488
>> WELL, THE GOLDEN RECORD IS

862
00:36:30,555 --> 00:36:31,923
PROBABLY ONE OF THE MOST

863
00:36:31,989 --> 00:36:34,191
WELL-KNOWN OBJECTS IN THE

864
00:36:34,258 --> 00:36:35,293
HISTORY OF SPACE EXPLORATION.

865
00:36:35,359 --> 00:36:37,628
WHAT CAN YOU TELL US ABOUT IT

866
00:36:37,695 --> 00:36:39,530
THAT MAYBE WE DON'T ALREADY

867
00:36:39,597 --> 00:36:40,264
KNOW?

868
00:36:40,331 --> 00:36:41,566
>> WELL, A LOT OF PEOPLE THINK

869
00:36:41,632 --> 00:36:43,467
THAT IT WAS JUST THE WHIM OF

870
00:36:43,534 --> 00:36:46,037
CARL SAGAN AND ONE OR TWO OTHER

871
00:36:46,103 --> 00:36:47,038
PEOPLE.

872
00:36:47,104 --> 00:36:51,776
BUT IN FACT, WE CONSULTED PEOPLE

873
00:36:51,842 --> 00:36:53,844
ALL OVER THE WORLD.

874
00:36:53,911 --> 00:36:56,747
SO THEY HAVE NOT GOTTEN THEIR

875
00:36:56,814 --> 00:36:58,349
JUST DUE IN TERMS OF BEAUTIFUL

876
00:36:58,416 --> 00:37:00,017
MUSIC THAT THEY BROUGHT TO US.

877
00:37:00,084 --> 00:37:01,719
MANY PEOPLE HAVE SAID IN THE

878
00:37:01,786 --> 00:37:03,621
DECADES SINCE THAT THE VOYAGER

879
00:37:03,688 --> 00:37:06,090
RECORD IS THE BEGINNING OF WORLD

880
00:37:06,157 --> 00:37:06,691
MUSIC.

881
00:37:06,757 --> 00:37:11,762
THAT IS VERY MUCH DUE TO CARL'S

882
00:37:11,829 --> 00:37:14,532
PLANETARY PERSPECTIVE, AND HIS

883
00:37:14,599 --> 00:37:17,134
DESIRE NOT JUST TO REPRESENT THE

884
00:37:17,201 --> 00:37:19,537
IMPERIAL CULTURE THAT CREATED

885
00:37:19,604 --> 00:37:21,005
THE SPACECRAFT, BUT ALL THE

886
00:37:21,072 --> 00:37:23,541
DIFFERENT WAYS THAT WE FOUND TO

887
00:37:23,608 --> 00:37:26,077
EXPRESS THE JOY IN BEING ALIVE.

888
00:37:26,143 --> 00:37:29,780
AND SO I FOUND SOMETHING OUT

889
00:37:29,847 --> 00:37:30,815
ABOUT THE VOYAGER RECORD TWO

890
00:37:30,881 --> 00:37:32,116
DAYS AGO THAT I NEVER KNEW IN

891
00:37:32,183 --> 00:37:34,352
ALL THESE 40 YEARS, AND THAT WAS

892
00:37:34,418 --> 00:37:39,957
THERE IS A PERUVIAN WEDDING SONG

893
00:37:40,024 --> 00:37:42,426
SUNG BY A CHILD IN THE ANDES,

894
00:37:42,493 --> 00:37:46,464
WHO WAS RECORDED, AND WE NEVER

895
00:37:46,530 --> 00:37:50,034
THOUGHT TO ASK WHAT THE WORDS

896
00:37:50,101 --> 00:37:50,601
MEAN.

897
00:37:50,668 --> 00:37:52,336
WE JUST KNEW IT WAS A WEDDING

898
00:37:52,403 --> 00:37:52,937
SONG.

899
00:37:53,004 --> 00:37:56,173
AND WE JUST FOUND OUT THAT IT IS

900
00:37:56,240 --> 00:38:03,147
A SCATHING INDICTMENT OF THE

901
00:38:03,214 --> 00:38:11,122
MALE CHAUVINISM OF THAT CULTURE

902
00:38:11,188 --> 00:38:13,391
AND THE NIGHTMARE FOR WOMEN IN

903
00:38:13,457 --> 00:38:14,225
THAT SOCIETY.

904
00:38:14,291 --> 00:38:15,626
THAT WAS A REVELATION TO ME.

905
00:38:15,693 --> 00:38:19,063
THERE ARE SO MANY REVELATIONS

906
00:38:19,130 --> 00:38:28,039
HIDDEN DEEP IN THE MUSIC.

907
00:38:28,105 --> 00:38:31,008
AND MUSIC FROM HUMPBACK WHALES,

908
00:38:31,075 --> 00:38:34,412
AND THERE IS A LOT TO LEARN.

909
00:38:34,478 --> 00:38:36,147
>> YOU HAVE FOUND A LOT IN THE

910
00:38:36,213 --> 00:38:36,681
RECORD.

911
00:38:36,747 --> 00:38:38,516
HAVE YOU IMAGINED WHAT IT WOULD

912
00:38:38,582 --> 00:38:43,454
SAY TO HUMANS TO A FULLY ALIEN

913
00:38:43,521 --> 00:38:46,791
SPECIES IF DISCOVERED.

914
00:38:46,857 --> 00:38:47,925
>> UNFORTUNATELY, EVERY NIGHT OF

915
00:38:47,992 --> 00:38:48,659
MY LIFE.

916
00:38:48,726 --> 00:38:51,295
I'M LUCKY ENOUGH TO HAVE THAT

917
00:38:51,362 --> 00:38:56,367
BEAUTIFUL COVER ETCHED WITH THE

918
00:38:56,434 --> 00:39:01,172
SCIENTIFIC HIEROGLYPHICS.

919
00:39:01,238 --> 00:39:01,672
IT'S REAL.

920
00:39:01,739 --> 00:39:04,975
THEY ARE REALLY MOVING BETWEEN

921
00:39:05,042 --> 00:39:07,311
35,000 TO 40,000 MILES AND HOUR.

922
00:39:07,378 --> 00:39:08,813
THEY ARE AS REAL AS WE ARE.

923
00:39:08,879 --> 00:39:11,515
SO TO TRY TO IMAGINE TRAVELING

924
00:39:11,582 --> 00:39:18,456
ALONG SIDE THESE SPACECRAFT AND

925
00:39:18,522 --> 00:39:22,159
THE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS.

926
00:39:22,226 --> 00:39:26,731
IT HAS EXCEEDED NASA'S FONDEST,

927
00:39:26,797 --> 00:39:28,265
CRAZIEST DREAMS FOR IT.

928
00:39:28,332 --> 00:39:31,602
WHEN THEY SAY THE WRECK IS GOING

929
00:39:31,669 --> 00:39:34,271
TO LAST ONE TO FIVE BILLION

930
00:39:34,338 --> 00:39:37,208
YEARS, AND HERE WE ARE 40 YEARS

931
00:39:37,274 --> 00:39:38,909
LATER, IT COULD BE MORE THAN

932
00:39:38,976 --> 00:39:39,443
THAT.

933
00:39:39,510 --> 00:39:41,112
THE CHANCES ARE VERY SMALL OF IT

934
00:39:41,178 --> 00:39:43,481
BEING INTERCEPTED--OF EARTH OF

935
00:39:43,547 --> 00:39:46,150
THEM BEING INTERCEPTED, BUT I

936
00:39:46,217 --> 00:39:49,086
HAVE IMAGINED COUNTLESS TIMES

937
00:39:49,153 --> 00:39:52,690
SOME GRAD STUDENT ON SOME

938
00:39:52,757 --> 00:39:55,426
INTERSTELLAR WHO HAS A WHOLE

939
00:39:55,493 --> 00:39:57,461
COLLECTION OF THESE ARTIFACTS

940
00:39:57,528 --> 00:40:03,300
FROM THESE ADOLESCENT TECHNOLOGY

941
00:40:03,367 --> 00:40:05,336
THAT CAN'T WAIT TO TELL THE

942
00:40:05,402 --> 00:40:10,407
COSMOS WHAT THEY CAN DO.

943
00:40:10,474 --> 00:40:13,511
LISTENING TO IT, AND ROCKING OUT

944
00:40:13,577 --> 00:40:17,548
TO MAYBE "JOHNNY BE GOOD," MAYBE

945
00:40:17,615 --> 00:40:18,983
THEY'LL THINK THESE GUYS KNEW

946
00:40:19,049 --> 00:40:20,017
HOW TO PARTY.

947
00:40:20,084 --> 00:40:21,685
>> THAT SOUNDS LIKE A BASIS OF A

948
00:40:21,752 --> 00:40:22,653
GREAT BOOK.

949
00:40:22,720 --> 00:40:24,255
WE HAVE TIME FOR A COUPLE OF

950
00:40:24,321 --> 00:40:25,790
AUDIENCE QUESTIONS.

951
00:40:25,856 --> 00:40:28,025
YES?

952
00:40:28,092 --> 00:40:29,527
>> HI, WE HAVE A LOT OF

953
00:40:29,593 --> 00:40:30,694
QUESTIONS ON SOCIAL MEDIA.

954
00:40:30,761 --> 00:40:32,763
THE FIRST ONE COMES FROM

955
00:40:32,830 --> 00:40:33,397
TWITTER.

956
00:40:33,464 --> 00:40:35,800
CAN YOU ELABORATE ON THE BRAIN

957
00:40:35,866 --> 00:40:39,937
WAVE EEG ON THE GOLDEN DISKS AND

958
00:40:40,004 --> 00:40:42,006
THE LOVE STORY INSIDE.

959
00:40:42,072 --> 00:40:42,840
>> WITH JOY.

960
00:40:42,907 --> 00:40:44,041
I WOULD BE HAPPY TO TALK ABOUT

961
00:40:44,108 --> 00:40:50,614
THAT.

962
00:40:50,681 --> 00:40:53,250
ONE DAY I ASKED CARL IF IT WAS

963
00:40:53,317 --> 00:40:56,887
POSSIBLE IF I WERE TO MEDITATE

964
00:40:56,954 --> 00:41:00,357
AND ALL OF IMPULSES THAT MY BODY

965
00:41:00,424 --> 00:41:05,696
WAS GIVING OFF, MY EKG, MY EEG,

966
00:41:05,763 --> 00:41:09,099
EVERY REM, EVERY SINGLE THING,

967
00:41:09,166 --> 00:41:13,671
WAS IT CONCEIVABLE THAT THE

968
00:41:13,737 --> 00:41:16,807
DISTANCE TIMES COULD RECONS

969
00:41:16,874 --> 00:41:23,981
CONSTITUTE THIS MEDITATION AND

970
00:41:24,048 --> 00:41:25,616
INTERPRET IT.

971
00:41:25,683 --> 00:41:27,284
HE SAID THAT'S A LONG TIME.

972
00:41:27,351 --> 00:41:28,152
GO DO IT.

973
00:41:28,219 --> 00:41:32,122
I WENT TO THE MEDICAL CENTER.

974
00:41:32,189 --> 00:41:36,093
AND I WAS HOOKED UP TO A

975
00:41:36,160 --> 00:41:39,196
COMPUTER THAT TOOK UP A VAST

976
00:41:39,263 --> 00:41:44,702
ROOM THAT WAS PROBABLY MUCH MORE

977
00:41:44,768 --> 00:41:46,403
FEEBLE THAN OUR iPHONES.

978
00:41:46,470 --> 00:41:49,240
I MEDICATED FOR AN HOUR ABOUT

979
00:41:49,306 --> 00:41:52,209
THE HISTORY OF THE PLANET, ABOUT

980
00:41:52,276 --> 00:41:54,345
ITS GEOLOGY, IT'S BIOLOGY, AND

981
00:41:54,411 --> 00:41:56,180
IT'S EMERGING TECHNOLOGY TO THE

982
00:41:56,247 --> 00:41:59,416
BEST OF MY VERY LIMITED

983
00:41:59,483 --> 00:42:00,017
ABILITIES.

984
00:42:00,084 --> 00:42:02,953
IT TOLD THE STORIES OF OUR

985
00:42:03,020 --> 00:42:04,555
SPECIES, THE HISTORY OF OUR

986
00:42:04,622 --> 00:42:06,257
CIVILIZATION SINCE THE INVENTION

987
00:42:06,323 --> 00:42:07,591
OF AGRICULTURE.

988
00:42:07,658 --> 00:42:09,994
THIS IS ALSO JUST A FEW DAYS

989
00:42:10,060 --> 00:42:13,130
AFTER CARL SAGAN AND I REALIZED

990
00:42:13,197 --> 00:42:15,432
HOW DEEPLY IN LOVE WE WERE, AND

991
00:42:15,499 --> 00:42:23,107
TOLD EACH OTHER ON JUNE 1, 1977,

992
00:42:23,173 --> 00:42:27,044
IN THE THROWS OF THE UNDERTAKING

993
00:42:27,111 --> 00:42:29,313
TO SPEAK FOR EARTH FOR BILLIONS

994
00:42:29,380 --> 00:42:29,813
OF YEARS.

995
00:42:29,880 --> 00:42:31,882
PART OF MY MEDITATION IS THE JOY

996
00:42:31,949 --> 00:42:34,418
OF A 27-YEAR-OLD WOMAN MADLY IN

997
00:42:34,485 --> 00:42:37,621
LOVE, TRULY IN LOVE AS EVERY

998
00:42:37,688 --> 00:42:39,356
SINGLE HEARTBEAT SINCE THAT

999
00:42:39,423 --> 00:42:42,426
MOMENT CAN AFFIRM.

1000
00:42:42,493 --> 00:42:47,998
SO THAT IS ON VOYAGER.

1001
00:42:48,065 --> 00:42:49,700
IF THAT EXAMINE BE INTERPRETED,

1002
00:42:49,767 --> 00:42:53,270
THEN IN SOME SENSE IT KEEPS US

1003
00:42:53,337 --> 00:42:57,875
AMEN ALIVE AND THE GREATEST

1004
00:42:57,942 --> 00:42:58,776
FEELEST AND DEEPEST JOYS WE'VE

1005
00:42:58,842 --> 00:42:59,410
EVER KNOWN.

1006
00:42:59,476 --> 00:43:00,444
>> ONE MORE QUESTION.

1007
00:43:00,511 --> 00:43:04,548
>> DO YOU THINK VOYAGER 2 WILL

1008
00:43:04,615 --> 00:43:10,754
REACH BEFORE IT'S BATTERIES

1009
00:43:10,821 --> 00:43:11,689
FARTHER--

1010
00:43:11,755 --> 00:43:13,958
>> WILL VOYAGER 2?

1011
00:43:14,024 --> 00:43:16,427
WE EXPECT SO.

1012
00:43:16,493 --> 00:43:18,228
IT HAS SEVERAL MORE YEARS.

1013
00:43:18,295 --> 00:43:19,997
TO THAT ORDER, TEN MORE YEARS.

1014
00:43:20,064 --> 00:43:21,832
IF WE DON'T REACH IT IN TEN

1015
00:43:21,899 --> 00:43:24,234
YEARS, THAT WILL BE A VERY BIG

1016
00:43:24,301 --> 00:43:25,002
SURPRISE.

1017
00:43:25,069 --> 00:43:26,637
>> OKAY, WELL, WE HAVE A SECOND

1018
00:43:26,704 --> 00:43:30,541
PANEL THAT'S COMING UP WITH

1019
00:43:30,607 --> 00:43:32,142
YOUNGER SCIENTISTS WHOSE LIVES

1020
00:43:32,209 --> 00:43:33,344
AND CAREERS HAVE BEEN IMPACTED

1021
00:43:33,410 --> 00:43:34,678
BY VOYAGER.

1022
00:43:34,745 --> 00:43:36,513
BUT FIRST WE HAVE SOMETHING

1023
00:43:36,580 --> 00:43:38,015
YOU'RE GOING TO FIND VERY COOL.

1024
00:43:38,082 --> 00:43:40,117
WE'RE GOING TO THROW THINGS OVER

1025
00:43:40,184 --> 00:43:42,920
TO JPL TO MISSION CONTROL FOR

1026
00:43:42,987 --> 00:43:44,188
THE VOYAGER INTERSTELLAR

1027
00:43:44,254 --> 00:43:47,291
MISSION, AND THERE WE HAVE TRACY

1028
00:43:47,358 --> 00:43:48,892
TO EXPLAIN WHAT IS GOING TO

1029
00:43:48,959 --> 00:43:52,062
HAPPEN.

1030
00:43:52,129 --> 00:43:57,401
TRACY?

1031
00:43:57,468 --> 00:43:59,470
>> THANKS.

1032
00:43:59,536 --> 00:44:03,540
I'M TRACY HERE IN PASADENA,

1033
00:44:03,607 --> 00:44:04,208
CALIFORNIA.

1034
00:44:04,274 --> 00:44:05,309
THIS IS MISSION CONTROL FOR THE

1035
00:44:05,376 --> 00:44:06,877
DEEP SPACE NETWORK.

1036
00:44:06,944 --> 00:44:08,479
THIS IS WHERE SPACECRAFT FROM

1037
00:44:08,545 --> 00:44:10,614
ALL OVER THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND

1038
00:44:10,681 --> 00:44:11,448
BEYOND COMMUNICATE WITH THE

1039
00:44:11,515 --> 00:44:13,484
EARTH THROUGH A SET OF LARGE

1040
00:44:13,550 --> 00:44:14,551
ANTENNA DISTRIBUTED AROUND THE

1041
00:44:14,618 --> 00:44:16,153
WORLD IN WHAT WE CALL THE DEEP

1042
00:44:16,220 --> 00:44:18,255
SPACE NETWORK.

1043
00:44:18,322 --> 00:44:20,057
THE VOYAGERS HAVE BEEN

1044
00:44:20,124 --> 00:44:21,425
COMMUNICATING WITH US THIS WAY

1045
00:44:21,492 --> 00:44:22,526
FOR FOUR DECADES.

1046
00:44:22,593 --> 00:44:24,762
WE'RE IN A COMMUNICATION PASS OF

1047
00:44:24,828 --> 00:44:25,729
VOYAGER ONE TODAY.

1048
00:44:25,796 --> 00:44:26,930
YOU CAN SEE ON THIS LIVE STREAM

1049
00:44:26,997 --> 00:44:28,565
BEHIND ME THAT WE'RE TALKING

1050
00:44:28,632 --> 00:44:30,667
WITH VOYAGER ONE WITH STATION

1051
00:44:30,734 --> 00:44:31,235
63.

1052
00:44:31,301 --> 00:44:32,836
IN CELEBRATION OF 40 YEARS OF

1053
00:44:32,903 --> 00:44:35,406
CONTINUING EXPLORATION WITH THE

1054
00:44:35,472 --> 00:44:37,841
VOYAGERS, WE LAUNCHED A CAMPAIGN

1055
00:44:37,908 --> 00:44:40,377
CALLED "MESSAGE TO VOYAGER,"

1056
00:44:40,444 --> 00:44:44,081
INSPIRED BY UPLIFTING MESSAGES

1057
00:44:44,148 --> 00:44:46,183
ON VOYAGERS GOLDEN RECORDS.

1058
00:44:46,250 --> 00:44:50,020
WE ASK YOU TO SUBMIT MESSAGES OF

1059
00:44:50,087 --> 00:44:52,122
GOOD WILL AND PUT OUT.

1060
00:44:52,189 --> 00:44:54,124
THESE HAD TO BE SHORT MESSAGES

1061
00:44:54,191 --> 00:44:56,760
NO MORE THAN 60 CHARACTERS.

1062
00:44:56,827 --> 00:44:58,796
SO WE'RE GOING TO REVEAL TODAY

1063
00:44:58,862 --> 00:45:00,531
WHAT YOU CHOSE AS THE WINNING

1064
00:45:00,597 --> 00:45:01,999
MESSAGE AND SEND THAT ALL THE

1065
00:45:02,066 --> 00:45:05,202
WAY OUT TO VOYAGER 1 AND ENTER

1066
00:45:05,269 --> 00:45:10,774
STELLAR SPACE.

1067
00:45:10,841 --> 00:45:13,744
>> THIS IS JEFF.

1068
00:45:13,811 --> 00:45:16,914
>> HI TRACY, HOW ARE YOU DOING

1069
00:45:16,980 --> 00:45:17,748
TODAY?

1070
00:45:17,815 --> 00:45:20,017
>> I'M DOING GREAT.

1071
00:45:20,084 --> 00:45:23,020
WHAT IS THE MESSAGE TODAY.

1072
00:45:23,087 --> 00:45:26,056
>> WE PUT IT INTO A VOYAGER

1073
00:45:26,123 --> 00:45:27,658
COMMAND MESSAGE FORMAT, AND

1074
00:45:27,724 --> 00:45:31,028
SENDING IT UP TO VOYAGER RATE AT

1075
00:45:31,095 --> 00:45:32,129
16 BITS PER SECOND, WHICH MEANS

1076
00:45:32,196 --> 00:45:34,031
THAT IT WILL TAKE 28 SECONDS FOR

1077
00:45:34,098 --> 00:45:36,967
THE MESSAGE TO BE TOTALLY

1078
00:45:37,034 --> 00:45:37,768
TRANSMITTED.

1079
00:45:37,835 --> 00:45:39,203
ONCE IT'S TRANSMITTED IT WILL

1080
00:45:39,269 --> 00:45:43,841
TAKE A LITTLE OVER 19.25 HOURS

1081
00:45:43,907 --> 00:45:47,044
TO PASS BY VOYAGER ON ITS WAY TO

1082
00:45:47,111 --> 00:45:51,715
INTERSTELLAR SPACE.

1083
00:45:51,782 --> 00:45:54,985
>> HOW IS IT GOING TO BE SENT?

1084
00:45:55,052 --> 00:45:55,986
>> WE'RE TRANSMITTING OUTSIDE OF

1085
00:45:56,053 --> 00:45:59,556
THE MADRID, SPAIN, DEEP SPACE

1086
00:45:59,623 --> 00:46:00,424
STATION 63.

1087
00:46:00,491 --> 00:46:01,825
TO GIVE YOU AN IDEA OF HOW BIG

1088
00:46:01,892 --> 00:46:04,495
THIS ANTENNA IS, 70 METERS IS

1089
00:46:04,561 --> 00:46:05,629
THREE-QUARTERS THE LENGTH OF A

1090
00:46:05,696 --> 00:46:06,497
FOOTBALL FIELD.

1091
00:46:06,563 --> 00:46:07,598
>> THAT'S PRETTY FANTASTIC.

1092
00:46:07,664 --> 00:46:08,265
THANK YOU, JEFF.

1093
00:46:08,332 --> 00:46:09,032
>> THANK YOU.

1094
00:46:09,099 --> 00:46:11,001
>> I WAS ONLY TWO YEARS OLD WHEN

1095
00:46:11,068 --> 00:46:12,636
THE VOYAGERS LAUNCHED, BUT BY

1096
00:46:12,703 --> 00:46:14,471
THE TIME I GOT TO ELEMENTARY

1097
00:46:14,538 --> 00:46:15,772
SCHOOL WE HAD ALREADY STARTED

1098
00:46:15,839 --> 00:46:19,209
GETTING BACK IMAGES OF JUPITER

1099
00:46:19,276 --> 00:46:20,878
AND SATURN THAT WERE REALLY

1100
00:46:20,944 --> 00:46:22,913
FANTASTIC AND HELPED INSPIRE ME

1101
00:46:22,980 --> 00:46:24,281
TO BE INTERESTED IN SPACE

1102
00:46:24,348 --> 00:46:25,916
EXPLORATION AND GROWING UP TO BE

1103
00:46:25,983 --> 00:46:26,850
AN ENGINEER.

1104
00:46:26,917 --> 00:46:30,187
MY MOM WAS ALSO VERY INTERESTED

1105
00:46:30,254 --> 00:46:32,289
IN SCIENCE FICTION, EMPHASIS

1106
00:46:32,356 --> 00:46:33,056
"STAR TREK."

1107
00:46:33,123 --> 00:46:35,058
I'VE BEEN A TREKKIE SINCE AS

1108
00:46:35,125 --> 00:46:37,961
LONG AS I CAN REMEMBER.

1109
00:46:38,028 --> 00:46:45,769
AND WHO BETTER TO SEND TODAY'S

1110
00:46:45,836 --> 00:46:47,804
MESSAGE TODAY THAN CAPTAIN KIRK.

1111
00:46:47,871 --> 00:46:48,872
THAT'S RIGHT.

1112
00:46:48,939 --> 00:46:50,307
WILLIAM SHATNER IS IN MISSION

1113
00:46:50,374 --> 00:46:51,408
CONTROL TODAY.

1114
00:46:51,475 --> 00:46:52,109
>> WHAT AN HONOR.

1115
00:46:52,176 --> 00:46:53,577
I'M SO PLEASED TO BE HERE.

1116
00:46:53,644 --> 00:46:56,346
IT'S A MANAGEABLE PLACE, JPL,

1117
00:46:56,413 --> 00:46:58,982
AND THIS IS A MAGICAL MOMENT TO

1118
00:46:59,049 --> 00:47:01,818
SEND A MESSAGE TO VOYAGER, AND

1119
00:47:01,885 --> 00:47:03,987
ONCE IT REACHES VOYAGER IT KEEPS

1120
00:47:04,054 --> 00:47:04,688
GOING.

1121
00:47:04,755 --> 00:47:05,689
IT'S LIKE ADVANCE MAN.

1122
00:47:05,756 --> 00:47:07,858
VOYAGER COMING, VOYAGER COMING

1123
00:47:07,925 --> 00:47:09,426
TO ALL THE LITTLE GREEN PEOPLE

1124
00:47:09,493 --> 00:47:10,260
OUT THERE.

1125
00:47:10,327 --> 00:47:11,128
>> IT'S REALLY EXCITING.

1126
00:47:11,195 --> 00:47:14,731
WE CAN'T WAIT TO SEE OR HEAR IF

1127
00:47:14,798 --> 00:47:16,400
ANYBODY SAYS HELLO BACK TO US.

1128
00:47:16,466 --> 00:47:17,834
>> WOULDN'T THAT BE SOMETHING?

1129
00:47:17,901 --> 00:47:19,970
>> THAT WOULD BE AMAZING.

1130
00:47:20,037 --> 00:47:26,510
ALSO HERE ENGINEER ANNABELLE

1131
00:47:26,577 --> 00:47:26,843
KENNEDY.

1132
00:47:26,910 --> 00:47:29,780
SHE'S GETTING READY TO SEND THE

1133
00:47:29,846 --> 00:47:31,848
MESSAGE ON YOUR COMMAND.

1134
00:47:31,915 --> 00:47:33,217
>> SHE'S GOING TO PUSH THE

1135
00:47:33,283 --> 00:47:33,784
BUTTON.

1136
00:47:33,850 --> 00:47:34,718
>> THAT'S.

1137
00:47:34,785 --> 00:47:38,255
>> THIS MESSAGE WAS CHOSEN BY

1138
00:47:38,322 --> 00:47:41,992
COMMITTEE ONCE ALL THE ATTEMPTS

1139
00:47:42,059 --> 00:47:45,562
TO SHOW US DOCTOR TO GIVE US A

1140
00:47:45,629 --> 00:47:47,064
MESSAGE, THERE WAS 30,000 OR

1141
00:47:47,130 --> 00:47:47,998
SOMETHING LIKE THAT.

1142
00:47:48,065 --> 00:47:50,267
>> THAT'S RIGHT, 30,000 PEOPLE.

1143
00:47:50,334 --> 00:47:51,235
>> 30,000 PEOPLE COMMUNICATED,

1144
00:47:51,301 --> 00:47:56,473
AND THIS WAS WHITTLED DOWN TO

1145
00:47:56,540 --> 00:47:56,974
TEN.

1146
00:47:57,040 --> 00:47:58,475
NOW ONE OF THE TEN HAS BEEN

1147
00:47:58,542 --> 00:48:01,378
CHOSEN, AND YOU'RE GOING TO GIVE

1148
00:48:01,445 --> 00:48:03,614
ME THE ENVELOPE.

1149
00:48:03,680 --> 00:48:04,748
THE ENVELOPE PLEASE.

1150
00:48:04,815 --> 00:48:06,250
AND WE READ THE MESSAGE.

1151
00:48:06,316 --> 00:48:08,385
AND ANNABELLE WILL PRESS THE

1152
00:48:08,452 --> 00:48:11,989
BUTTON, AND THE MESSAGE WILL GO

1153
00:48:12,055 --> 00:48:17,227
OUT TO VOYAGER TO GET THERE 19

1154
00:48:17,294 --> 00:48:18,061
HOURS LATER.

1155
00:48:18,128 --> 00:48:18,929
>> A LONG WAY AWAY.

1156
00:48:18,996 --> 00:48:20,130
ARE WE READY?

1157
00:48:20,197 --> 00:48:21,698
>> I'M SO EXCITED.

1158
00:48:21,765 --> 00:48:23,600
I'M WONDERING WHAT THEY WANTED

1159
00:48:23,667 --> 00:48:24,668
US TO SAY.

1160
00:48:24,735 --> 00:48:28,872
>> I WONDER, TOO?

1161
00:48:28,939 --> 00:48:32,743
>> ONLY LESS THAN 60 CHARACTERS.

1162
00:48:32,809 --> 00:48:33,944
THAT'S HALF A TWEET.

1163
00:48:34,011 --> 00:48:34,845
>> THAT'S RIGHT.

1164
00:48:34,911 --> 00:48:35,879
IT'S NOT A LOT OF SPACE IN ORDER

1165
00:48:35,946 --> 00:48:39,116
TO PUT IN AN UPLIFTING MESSAGE.

1166
00:48:39,182 --> 00:48:41,218
>> NOT A LOT OF SPACE FOR LARGE

1167
00:48:41,285 --> 00:48:41,885
SPACE.

1168
00:48:41,952 --> 00:48:42,452
>> THAT'S RIGHT.

1169
00:48:42,519 --> 00:48:45,389
>> CAN WE HAVE THE ENVELOPE,

1170
00:48:45,455 --> 00:48:46,056
PLEASE?

1171
00:48:46,123 --> 00:48:48,525
>> CAN WE HAVE THE ENVELOPE.

1172
00:48:48,592 --> 00:48:49,059
[ CHUCKLING ]

1173
00:48:49,126 --> 00:48:49,726
>> HERE WE GO.

1174
00:48:49,793 --> 00:48:53,764
>> NOW I'M GOING TO OPEN IT UP.

1175
00:48:53,830 --> 00:49:01,171
AND OLIVER JENKINS--OLIVER

1176
00:49:01,238 --> 00:49:04,608
JENKINS IS THE MESSAGE THAT HAS

1177
00:49:04,675 --> 00:49:05,442
BEEN SELECTED.

1178
00:49:05,509 --> 00:49:06,910
ANNABELLE, THIS IS THE MESSAGE.

1179
00:49:06,977 --> 00:49:08,578
AM I GOING TO READ IT OUT?

1180
00:49:08,645 --> 00:49:11,248
>> YES, LET'S HAVE YOU READ IT.

1181
00:49:11,315 --> 00:49:12,449
>> WE OFFER FRIENDSHIP ACROSS

1182
00:49:12,516 --> 00:49:13,750
THE STARS.

1183
00:49:13,817 --> 00:49:17,521
YOU ARE NOT ALONE.

1184
00:49:17,587 --> 00:49:18,355
>> FANTASTIC.

1185
00:49:18,422 --> 00:49:20,257
>> WHAT A GREAT MESSAGE.

1186
00:49:20,324 --> 00:49:21,558
BY OLIVER JENKINS.

1187
00:49:21,625 --> 00:49:22,459
>> I LOVE THAT.

1188
00:49:22,526 --> 00:49:24,461
>> ARE YOU GOING TO SEND IT OUT

1189
00:49:24,528 --> 00:49:25,162
NOW.

1190
00:49:25,228 --> 00:49:26,596
>> I'M READY TO SEND IT.

1191
00:49:26,663 --> 00:49:29,166
>> ON THE FREQUENCIES.

1192
00:49:29,232 --> 00:49:30,334
>> THEY'RE READY.

1193
00:49:30,400 --> 00:49:31,935
>> I THOUGHT I WOULD TOSS THAT

1194
00:49:32,002 --> 00:49:34,004
IN FOR THE TREKKIES.

1195
00:49:34,071 --> 00:49:36,907
COMMAND ENGINEER ANNABELLE

1196
00:49:36,973 --> 00:49:38,241
KENNEDY SEND THE MESSAGE.

1197
00:49:38,308 --> 00:49:39,242
>> ON YOUR COMMAND.

1198
00:49:39,309 --> 00:49:42,813
AND WE'RE ACTIVE ON THREE, TWO,

1199
00:49:42,879 --> 00:49:44,114
ONE.

1200
00:49:44,181 --> 00:49:44,681
ACTIVE.

1201
00:49:44,748 --> 00:49:47,718
AND WE ARE RADIATING MESSAGE TO

1202
00:49:47,784 --> 00:49:53,757
VOYAGER AT 17:20.01.

1203
00:49:53,824 --> 00:49:55,192
>> THAT'S FANTASTIC.

1204
00:49:55,258 --> 00:49:58,328
>> I'M SO DELIGHTED.

1205
00:49:58,395 --> 00:49:58,962
[APPLAUSE]

1206
00:49:59,029 --> 00:50:01,798
WHEN YOU THINK OF THE MYSTERIOUS

1207
00:50:01,865 --> 00:50:03,500
VOID THAT IS OUT THERE, AND WHAT

1208
00:50:03,567 --> 00:50:05,268
LITTLE WE KNOW AND WE'RE SENDING

1209
00:50:05,335 --> 00:50:07,270
A MESSAGE OUT, AND IT GOES INTO

1210
00:50:07,337 --> 00:50:08,238
THE STARS.

1211
00:50:08,305 --> 00:50:09,873
IT GOES--WE DON'T KNOW HOW LONG

1212
00:50:09,940 --> 00:50:10,707
THAT WILL TAKE.

1213
00:50:10,774 --> 00:50:13,076
HOW LONG WILL THAT TAKE?

1214
00:50:13,143 --> 00:50:17,547
I DON'T MEAN HOW LONG, THIS

1215
00:50:17,614 --> 00:50:18,482
ELECTRICAL IMPULSE.

1216
00:50:18,548 --> 00:50:19,816
>> TRAVELING THE SPEED OF LIGHT.

1217
00:50:19,883 --> 00:50:20,951
>> TRAVELING THE SPEED OF

1218
00:50:21,017 --> 00:50:22,786
LIGHT--DOES IT EVER DECAY?

1219
00:50:22,853 --> 00:50:25,722
>> IT CAN--IT WILL SPREAD OUT

1220
00:50:25,789 --> 00:50:27,891
EVENTUALLY OVER MANY, MANY, MANY

1221
00:50:27,958 --> 00:50:29,559
LIGHT YEARS.

1222
00:50:29,626 --> 00:50:30,227
>> YES.

1223
00:50:30,293 --> 00:50:31,762
>> BUT EVENTUALLY IF THERE IS

1224
00:50:31,828 --> 00:50:33,363
SOMETHING OUT THERE WITH A BIG

1225
00:50:33,430 --> 00:50:35,565
ENOUGH ANTENNA TO LISTEN, WHO

1226
00:50:35,632 --> 00:50:36,900
KNOWS.

1227
00:50:36,967 --> 00:50:39,536
>> I FIGURE THEY DON'T NEED BIG

1228
00:50:39,603 --> 00:50:40,137
ANTENNAS.

1229
00:50:40,203 --> 00:50:42,272
THEY HAVE LITTLE--SO IT SPREADS

1230
00:50:42,339 --> 00:50:43,673
OUT AND GOES FOREVER.

1231
00:50:43,740 --> 00:50:44,708
>> IT GOES FOREVER.

1232
00:50:44,775 --> 00:50:48,178
>> BECAUSE IT'S A LIGHT, IT'S A

1233
00:50:48,245 --> 00:50:50,347
PHOTON.

1234
00:50:50,414 --> 00:50:55,952
>> RADIO FREQUENCIES.

1235
00:50:56,019 --> 00:50:57,554
>> RIGHT, BUT IT'S NOT A PHOTON.

1236
00:50:57,621 --> 00:50:59,256
>> IT'S NOT A PHOTON.

1237
00:50:59,322 --> 00:50:59,923
>> OKAY.

1238
00:50:59,990 --> 00:51:01,425
I'M SO HAPPY.

1239
00:51:01,491 --> 00:51:02,225
THANK YOU SO MUCH.

1240
00:51:02,292 --> 00:51:03,360
>> THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR BEING

1241
00:51:03,427 --> 00:51:03,927
WITH US.

1242
00:51:03,994 --> 00:51:05,896
AND WE'RE GOING TO PASS THIS OUT

1243
00:51:05,962 --> 00:51:08,999
TO MATTHEW IN WASHINGTON, D.C.

1244
00:51:09,065 --> 00:51:19,009
[APPLAUSE]

1245
00:51:19,075 --> 00:51:20,911
>> WE'RE BACK AT THE NATIONAL

1246
00:51:20,977 --> 00:51:24,548
AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM HERE ON THE

1247
00:51:24,614 --> 00:51:25,982
SMITHSONIAN GROUNDS OF THE

1248
00:51:26,049 --> 00:51:26,883
NATIONAL MALL, AND WE HAVE OUR

1249
00:51:26,950 --> 00:51:27,350
SECOND PANEL.

1250
00:51:27,417 --> 00:51:28,852
WE HAVE TWO NEW FOLKS JOINING

1251
00:51:28,919 --> 00:51:29,820
THE PANEL.

1252
00:51:29,886 --> 00:51:33,957
I WON'T REINTRODUCE THE FOLKS

1253
00:51:34,024 --> 00:51:37,294
YOU ALREADY KNOW, BUT WE HAVE

1254
00:51:37,360 --> 00:51:43,533
MORGAN CABLE, SCIENTIST IN

1255
00:51:43,600 --> 00:51:44,401
CALIFORNIA.

1256
00:51:44,468 --> 00:51:47,537
STUDYING LIFE AND EXTREME

1257
00:51:47,604 --> 00:51:48,572
ENVIRONMENTS.

1258
00:51:48,638 --> 00:51:50,207
CURRENTLY DR. CABLE IS A SYSTEMS

1259
00:51:50,273 --> 00:51:52,876
ENGINEER FOR THE CASSINI

1260
00:51:52,943 --> 00:51:55,579
MISSION, WHICH HAS BEEN

1261
00:51:55,645 --> 00:51:57,848
EXPLORING THE SATURN SYSTEM FOR

1262
00:51:57,914 --> 00:51:59,216
13 YEARS.

1263
00:51:59,282 --> 00:52:05,155
SHE'S ALSO A COLLABORATOR FOR

1264
00:52:05,222 --> 00:52:09,292
EUROPA, THE NEXT MISSION TO

1265
00:52:09,359 --> 00:52:26,209
JUPITER'S ICY MOON.

1266
00:52:26,276 --> 00:52:32,182
OUR NEXT DOCTOR HAS PUBLISHED

1267
00:52:32,249 --> 00:52:38,388
ARTICLES, A COUPLE VERY

1268
00:52:38,455 --> 00:52:39,589
ACCOMPLISHED YOUNG SCIENTISTS.

1269
00:52:39,656 --> 00:52:42,025
SO LET ME START BY ASKING

1270
00:52:42,092 --> 00:52:44,427
DR. CABLE A FEW QUESTIONS.

1271
00:52:44,494 --> 00:52:45,996
HOW HAS VOYAGER INFLUENCED YOUR

1272
00:52:46,062 --> 00:52:48,365
CAREER AS A SCIENTIST?

1273
00:52:48,431 --> 00:52:50,767
>> WELL, VOYAGER HAS HAD IMMENSE

1274
00:52:50,834 --> 00:52:52,402
IMPACT ON ALL THE CAREERS

1275
00:52:52,469 --> 00:52:55,372
SCIENTISTS OF MY GENERATION.

1276
00:52:55,438 --> 00:52:57,274
FOR ME PERSONALLY IT'S BEEN MORE

1277
00:52:57,340 --> 00:52:59,409
OF AN IMPACT THAT PEOPLE HAVE

1278
00:52:59,476 --> 00:53:00,076
MADE.

1279
00:53:00,143 --> 00:53:05,415
BEING ABLE TO WORK ALONG SIDE

1280
00:53:05,482 --> 00:53:18,261
PEOPLE LIKE DR. ED STONE, AND

1281
00:53:18,328 --> 00:53:20,030
UNDER MENTORSHIP I'VE BEEN ABLE

1282
00:53:20,096 --> 00:53:22,399
TO EXCEL, AND IT'S BEEN AN

1283
00:53:22,465 --> 00:53:24,134
INCREDIBLE WAY TO START TO FIND

1284
00:53:24,200 --> 00:53:28,238
MY OWN PATH AS A SCIENTIST IN

1285
00:53:28,305 --> 00:53:33,009
PLAN TORE SCIENCE AND SPACE

1286
00:53:33,076 --> 00:53:37,847
EXPLORATION.

1287
00:53:37,914 --> 00:53:40,050
>> WHAT HAVE YOU BEEN STUDYING.

1288
00:53:40,116 --> 00:54:03,406
>> MOONS ARE EXCITING TO ME.

1289
00:54:03,473 --> 00:54:05,141
ESPECIALLY THOSE WITH OCEANS.

1290
00:54:05,208 --> 00:54:07,410
HERE THIS IS AN IMAGE THAT

1291
00:54:07,477 --> 00:54:08,278
VOYAGER TOOK.

1292
00:54:08,345 --> 00:54:10,046
THIS IS ONE OF THOSE OCEAN

1293
00:54:10,113 --> 00:54:13,516
WORLDS IN ORBIT AROUND SATURN.

1294
00:54:13,583 --> 00:54:17,654
BACK WHEN VOYAGER WAS--VOYAGER

1295
00:54:17,721 --> 00:54:21,424
TWO WAS DOING THE FLY BY, WE

1296
00:54:21,491 --> 00:54:24,094
CAPTURED THE IMAGES AND THIS IS

1297
00:54:24,160 --> 00:54:27,330
THE WHITEST AND BRIGHTEST MOONS

1298
00:54:27,397 --> 00:54:29,332
IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM.

1299
00:54:29,399 --> 00:54:32,035
IT WAS NOT ABLE TO GET IMAGE AS

1300
00:54:32,102 --> 00:54:34,771
IT WAS LEAVING, SORT OF PASSING

1301
00:54:34,838 --> 00:54:35,405
BY SATURN.

1302
00:54:35,472 --> 00:54:38,375
IF IT HAD, IT MIGHT HAVE

1303
00:54:38,441 --> 00:54:40,243
CAPTURED AN IMAGE OF THE PLUMES

1304
00:54:40,310 --> 00:54:42,278
THAT WE KNOW EMANATE OUT OF ITS

1305
00:54:42,345 --> 00:54:42,946
SOUTH POLE.

1306
00:54:43,013 --> 00:54:46,316
THIS IS AN IMAGE CAPTURED BY

1307
00:54:46,383 --> 00:54:47,884
CASSINI, A FOLLOW-ON MISSION

1308
00:54:47,951 --> 00:54:49,919
THAT FOR THE NEXT TEN DAYS IN

1309
00:54:49,986 --> 00:54:51,554
THE SATURN SYSTEM.

1310
00:54:51,621 --> 00:54:53,256
AND SEPTEMBER 15TH EARLY IN THE

1311
00:54:53,323 --> 00:54:55,258
MORNING WATCH THE FINAL GRAND

1312
00:54:55,325 --> 00:54:56,726
FINALE OF THAT MISSION.

1313
00:54:56,793 --> 00:54:58,828
AND CAPTURED THIS AMAZING

1314
00:54:58,895 --> 00:54:59,629
MISSION.

1315
00:54:59,696 --> 00:55:02,499
AND THE NEXT SLIDE IS WHAT

1316
00:55:02,565 --> 00:55:05,402
VOYAGER 2 WOULD HAVE SEEN HAD

1317
00:55:05,468 --> 00:55:09,072
THAT SCAN PLATFORM HAD BEEN

1318
00:55:09,139 --> 00:55:09,839
WORKING.

1319
00:55:09,906 --> 00:55:12,976
HAD IS IN THE SOUTH POLAR

1320
00:55:13,043 --> 00:55:15,645
TERRAIN, PREOCEAN WATERS

1321
00:55:15,712 --> 00:55:16,646
STREAMING INTO SPACE.

1322
00:55:16,713 --> 00:55:19,115
WE KNOW ABOUT THESE WHIRLEDS

1323
00:55:19,182 --> 00:55:22,052
FROM MISSIONS FROM CASSINI, AND

1324
00:55:22,118 --> 00:55:24,387
BUILDING ON THAT KNOWLEDGE, AND

1325
00:55:24,454 --> 00:55:25,588
IT'S A FUN TIME.

1326
00:55:25,655 --> 00:55:26,790
>> SO WE CAN BETTER UNDERSTAND

1327
00:55:26,856 --> 00:55:29,159
THIS, IS THERE ANYTHING ON EARTH

1328
00:55:29,225 --> 00:55:30,560
THAT YOU CAN COMPARE THESE TWO?

1329
00:55:30,627 --> 00:55:31,494
>> LET'S SEE, THE BEST

1330
00:55:31,561 --> 00:55:34,297
COMPARISON I THINK FOR THESE

1331
00:55:34,364 --> 00:55:35,865
TYPES OF PLUMES EMNATIONS WOULD

1332
00:55:35,932 --> 00:55:38,034
BE A GEYSER LIKE IN ICELAND OR

1333
00:55:38,101 --> 00:55:39,302
SOMETHING LIKE THAT.

1334
00:55:39,369 --> 00:55:40,637
BUT THIS SCALE IS VERY, VERY

1335
00:55:40,704 --> 00:55:41,504
DIFFERENT.

1336
00:55:41,571 --> 00:55:46,609
THOSE GEYSERS MAY BE SPRAY

1337
00:55:46,676 --> 00:55:49,079
10 METERS IN THE AIR?

1338
00:55:49,145 --> 00:55:51,414
BUT THESE PLUMES EMANATING,

1339
00:55:51,481 --> 00:55:55,051
SINGLE PLUMES, MANY JETS FROM A

1340
00:55:55,118 --> 00:55:57,921
SINGLE PLUME FORM THAT E RING

1341
00:55:57,987 --> 00:56:00,156
THAT IS AROUND SATURN.

1342
00:56:00,223 --> 00:56:01,224
ONE OF THE RINGS IS FORMED

1343
00:56:01,291 --> 00:56:05,295
BECAUSE OF THIS MATERIAL COMING

1344
00:56:05,361 --> 00:56:05,862
OUT.

1345
00:56:05,929 --> 00:56:07,263
>> WHAT ARE YOUR PLANS FOR THE

1346
00:56:07,330 --> 00:56:07,731
FUTURE?

1347
00:56:07,797 --> 00:56:10,633
WHAT DO YOU WANT TO EXPLORE

1348
00:56:10,700 --> 00:56:12,736
NEXT?

1349
00:56:12,802 --> 00:56:14,704
>> EVERYTHING.

1350
00:56:14,771 --> 00:56:15,305
NASATV,COMEA

1351
00:56:15,371 --> 00:56:15,839
NDTAKEALOOKATTHATMOD

1352
00:56:15,905 --> 00:56:18,875
EL IS CURRENTLY WORKING ON A

1353
00:56:18,942 --> 00:56:19,609
MISSION.

1354
00:56:19,676 --> 00:56:21,578
I'M LUCKY TO BE A PART OF.

1355
00:56:21,644 --> 00:56:28,852
WE HAVE A LOOKING FURTHER OUT,

1356
00:56:28,918 --> 00:56:33,590
THESE FASCINATING PLACES LIKE

1357
00:56:33,656 --> 00:56:36,826
TRITON.

1358
00:56:36,893 --> 00:56:40,096
IT'S CREATING VOLCANOS INTO

1359
00:56:40,163 --> 00:56:40,797
SPACE.

1360
00:56:40,864 --> 00:56:55,845
THERE IS SO MUCH TO EXPLORE.

1361
00:56:55,912 --> 00:56:57,747
>> HOW DID YOU GET INVOLVED?

1362
00:56:57,814 --> 00:56:58,948
>> OUR PROFESSOR CAME IN AND

1363
00:56:59,015 --> 00:57:00,483
SHOWED US THESE OBSERVATIONS

1364
00:57:00,550 --> 00:57:04,554
FROM THE EXPLORER THAT WAS JUST

1365
00:57:04,621 --> 00:57:17,367
TAKEN.

1366
00:57:17,433 --> 00:57:18,868
THEY TRAVEL THROUGH SPACE AND

1367
00:57:18,935 --> 00:57:22,005
CAN BE DETECTED ON EARTHS.

1368
00:57:22,071 --> 00:57:23,273
OUR PROFESSOR SHOWED US THESE

1369
00:57:23,339 --> 00:57:24,140
OBSERVATIONS.

1370
00:57:24,207 --> 00:57:25,842
THEY SAID THESE ARE EXCITING,

1371
00:57:25,909 --> 00:57:31,181
BUT TOTALLY UNEXPECTED.

1372
00:57:31,247 --> 00:57:35,318
WE HAVE A BRIEF ANIMATION WE CAN

1373
00:57:35,385 --> 00:57:35,985
SHOW.

1374
00:57:36,052 --> 00:57:38,288
THIS IS A SKY MAP THAT SHOWS THE

1375
00:57:38,354 --> 00:57:41,658
PICTURE OF THE SKY IN SIX

1376
00:57:41,724 --> 00:57:46,095
MONTHS.

1377
00:57:46,162 --> 00:57:49,933
YOU CAN SEE THIS IS VOYAGER 1

1378
00:57:49,999 --> 00:57:51,134
WHERE THEY'RE GOING AWAY FROM

1379
00:57:51,201 --> 00:57:51,734
THE EARTH.

1380
00:57:51,801 --> 00:57:54,137
AND IN THE BACKGROUND YOU SEE

1381
00:57:54,204 --> 00:58:01,211
ALL THESE NEUTRAL ITEMS FROM

1382
00:58:01,277 --> 00:58:01,778
SPACE.

1383
00:58:01,845 --> 00:58:03,646
WHAT WAS UNEXPECTED WAS THIS

1384
00:58:03,713 --> 00:58:07,750
BAND GOING ACROSS THE SKY.

1385
00:58:07,817 --> 00:58:09,018
ESSENTIALLY IT EXCITED EVERYONE

1386
00:58:09,085 --> 00:58:10,520
WHO WAS WORKING ON IT, AND I

1387
00:58:10,587 --> 00:58:13,423
DECIDED TO DO MY UNDERGRADUATE

1388
00:58:13,489 --> 00:58:14,958
PROJECT ON IT, AND IT'S BEEN

1389
00:58:15,024 --> 00:58:16,860
LIKE THAT EVER SINCE.

1390
00:58:16,926 --> 00:58:17,427
>> WOW.

1391
00:58:17,493 --> 00:58:20,363
WE HAVE SEEN VOYAGER 1 AND

1392
00:58:20,430 --> 00:58:22,599
VOYAGER 2 IN YOURGRAPHERRICS.

1393
00:58:22,665 --> 00:58:25,134
HAS YOUR WORK INTERSECTED WITH

1394
00:58:25,201 --> 00:58:27,637
THE VOYAGER EXPLORATION?

1395
00:58:27,704 --> 00:58:30,673
>> VOYAGER GIVES THE GROUND

1396
00:58:30,740 --> 00:58:36,579
TRUTH, AND IT ACTUALLY TELLS US

1397
00:58:36,646 --> 00:58:39,148
WHAT IS ACTUALLY HAPPENING IN

1398
00:58:39,215 --> 00:58:40,250
LOCATION IN SPACE.

1399
00:58:40,316 --> 00:58:42,719
SO USING THEM SIMULTANEOUSLY IS

1400
00:58:42,785 --> 00:58:44,254
REALLY IMPORTANT FOR OUR

1401
00:58:44,320 --> 00:58:45,088
RESEARCH.

1402
00:58:45,154 --> 00:58:48,057
SO EVER SINCE IT WAS OFFICIALLY

1403
00:58:48,124 --> 00:58:51,628
CONFIRMED THAT VOYAGER ONE HAD

1404
00:58:51,694 --> 00:58:55,732
CROSSED THE HELIO POD, THOSE

1405
00:58:55,798 --> 00:58:57,333
STRANGE MAGNETIC FIELD

1406
00:58:57,400 --> 00:58:58,735
OBSERVATIONS WERE MAYBE NOT THAT

1407
00:58:58,801 --> 00:59:01,437
STRANGE AFTER ALL.

1408
00:59:01,504 --> 00:59:03,273
SO THE GRAPHIC THAT WE'RE

1409
00:59:03,339 --> 00:59:10,980
SHOWING, IF YOU FIRST IMAGINE IT

1410
00:59:11,047 --> 00:59:13,449
COMING UP FROM THE SUN, IT'S

1411
00:59:13,516 --> 00:59:17,720
CALLED HELIOPODS, IT'S

1412
00:59:17,787 --> 00:59:18,488
COMET-SHAPED.

1413
00:59:18,554 --> 00:59:21,257
THIS SURFACE IS THE SURFACE OF

1414
00:59:21,324 --> 00:59:21,691
THAT BUBBLE.

1415
00:59:21,758 --> 00:59:25,395
AND THEN ON THE OUTSIDE OF IT IS

1416
00:59:25,461 --> 00:59:26,963
INTERSTELLAR SPACE.

1417
00:59:27,030 --> 00:59:28,898
YOU SEE VOYAGER 1 IS OUTSIDE OF

1418
00:59:28,965 --> 00:59:31,334
THE PODS, AND IT'S STILL CLOSE

1419
00:59:31,401 --> 00:59:32,168
ON THE SCALES.

1420
00:59:32,235 --> 00:59:33,736
AND THEN THIS IS VOYAGER 2 STILL

1421
00:59:33,803 --> 00:59:37,573
INSIDE, SO THERE IS NO PICTURE.

1422
00:59:37,640 --> 00:59:39,075
WHAT WE CAN SEE IN THE

1423
00:59:39,142 --> 00:59:41,678
STIMULATION IS THAT THE MAGNETIC

1424
00:59:41,744 --> 00:59:43,046
FIELD, THOSE BLACK CURVES TAKEN

1425
00:59:43,112 --> 00:59:44,314
FROM IT'S STOP LEFT TO THE

1426
00:59:44,380 --> 00:59:46,683
BOTTOM RIGHT, IS SHOWING US HOW

1427
00:59:46,749 --> 00:59:49,619
THE MAGNETIC FIELD IS WRAPPING

1428
00:59:49,686 --> 00:59:52,588
AROUND THE POD SURFACE, AND WE

1429
00:59:52,655 --> 00:59:54,190
BELIEVE WHAT VOYAGER IS TELLING

1430
00:59:54,257 --> 00:59:56,459
US IS HOW THESE LINES ARE

1431
00:59:56,526 --> 00:59:57,961
DRAPING AROUND THE SPHERE.

1432
00:59:58,027 --> 01:00:00,430
AND AS IT PROPAGATES FURTHER

1433
01:00:00,496 --> 01:00:03,766
FROM THE SUN, THIS SHOWS HOW

1434
01:00:03,833 --> 01:00:05,935
THIS FARTHEST INTERACTION GOES.

1435
01:00:06,002 --> 01:00:07,370
>> WHAT ARE YOUR PLANS IN THE

1436
01:00:07,437 --> 01:00:08,004
FUTURE?

1437
01:00:08,071 --> 01:00:09,405
WHAT DO YOU HOPE TO SEE?

1438
01:00:09,472 --> 01:00:13,009
>> WELL, WE CAN CONTINUE TO SEE

1439
01:00:13,076 --> 01:00:16,579
MOTHER OBSERVATIONS AS IT GOES

1440
01:00:16,646 --> 01:00:17,180
38 MPH.

1441
01:00:17,246 --> 01:00:18,014
AND IT'S GOING TO PROVIDE US

1442
01:00:18,081 --> 01:00:22,185
WITH MORE AND MORE IMPORTANT

1443
01:00:22,251 --> 01:00:24,220
OBSERVATIONS FOR THE NEXT TEN

1444
01:00:24,287 --> 01:00:24,954
YEARS.

1445
01:00:25,021 --> 01:00:26,622
OUR COMMUNITY, WE'RE DEFINITELY

1446
01:00:26,689 --> 01:00:30,193
EXPECTING VOYAGER TWO TO CROSS

1447
01:00:30,259 --> 01:00:34,897
THE HEL iPOD DOWN AT THE

1448
01:00:34,964 --> 01:00:35,798
BOTTOM IS THERE.

1449
01:00:35,865 --> 01:00:37,066
WE BELIEVE IT WILL BE IN THE

1450
01:00:37,133 --> 01:00:38,701
NEXT FEW YEARS, BUT WE HAVE TO

1451
01:00:38,768 --> 01:00:40,370
WAIT AND SEE.

1452
01:00:40,436 --> 01:00:43,072
BUT WHAT VOYAGER HAS SHOWN US IS

1453
01:00:43,139 --> 01:00:46,109
NOT ONLY ARE THESE EXCITING

1454
01:00:46,175 --> 01:00:47,243
OBSERVATIONS, BUT IT'S

1455
01:00:47,310 --> 01:00:48,644
DEFINITELY CAPABLE, WE'RE

1456
01:00:48,711 --> 01:00:49,946
DEFINITELY CAPABLE OF DOING

1457
01:00:50,013 --> 01:00:50,380
THIS.

1458
01:00:50,446 --> 01:00:52,081
AND HOPEFULLY IT WILL BE ONE OF

1459
01:00:52,148 --> 01:00:53,383
MANY IN THE FUTURE.

1460
01:00:53,449 --> 01:00:53,950
>> FANTASTIC.

1461
01:00:54,017 --> 01:00:56,085
SO NOW I THINK WE HAVE SOME TIME

1462
01:00:56,152 --> 01:00:57,253
FOR SOME AUDIENCE QUESTIONS.

1463
01:00:57,320 --> 01:00:58,755
AND I THINK WE HAVE A SOCIAL

1464
01:00:58,821 --> 01:00:59,822
MEDIA QUESTION.

1465
01:00:59,889 --> 01:01:01,057
IF ANYONE FROM THE AUDIENCE HAS

1466
01:01:01,124 --> 01:01:02,191
A QUESTION, YOU CAN MAKE YOUR

1467
01:01:02,258 --> 01:01:04,360
WAY OVER TO THE MICROPHONE IN

1468
01:01:04,427 --> 01:01:07,330
THIS AISLE OVER HERE.

1469
01:01:07,397 --> 01:01:09,599
>> THE HELLO, THIS IS REALLY AN

1470
01:01:09,665 --> 01:01:10,933
INSPIRING DAY.

1471
01:01:11,000 --> 01:01:12,468
THANK YOU FOR THIS.

1472
01:01:12,535 --> 01:01:14,537
THANK YOU FOR ALL YOU'VE DONE.

1473
01:01:14,604 --> 01:01:19,675
I'VE ALWAYS BEEN CURIOUS AS IN

1474
01:01:19,742 --> 01:01:21,844
SPACE SINCE I WAS A CHILD WHEN

1475
01:01:21,911 --> 01:01:25,014
MY DAD TOOK ME TO SEE SATURN.

1476
01:01:25,081 --> 01:01:27,617
WHEN WE SEND OUT THESE

1477
01:01:27,683 --> 01:01:29,685
INSPIRATIONAL MESSAGES AND SO

1478
01:01:29,752 --> 01:01:31,421
ON, AS SLIM AS THE CHANCE IS

1479
01:01:31,487 --> 01:01:33,356
THAT THEY'LL BE FOUND, WAS THERE

1480
01:01:33,423 --> 01:01:37,093
EVER ANY CONCERN THAT THEY MIGHT

1481
01:01:37,160 --> 01:01:38,661
NOT BE NICE GREEN PEOPLE WHO

1482
01:01:38,728 --> 01:01:41,831
FIND IT?

1483
01:01:41,898 --> 01:01:50,273
[ CHUCKLING ]

1484
01:01:50,339 --> 01:01:54,410
>> THE NATURE OF EXTRA

1485
01:01:54,477 --> 01:01:55,078
TERRESTRIALS.

1486
01:01:55,144 --> 01:01:59,715
SOMEONE AS ILLUSTRIOUS AS

1487
01:01:59,782 --> 01:02:03,052
STEPHEN HAWKINGS, MAY SAY DON'T

1488
01:02:03,119 --> 01:02:05,321
LET THEM KNOW THAT WE'RE HERE.

1489
01:02:05,388 --> 01:02:07,723
BUT IT'S BEEN TOO LATE FOR THAT.

1490
01:02:07,790 --> 01:02:09,625
WE'VE BEEN BROADCASTING

1491
01:02:09,692 --> 01:02:10,960
SOMETHING ON THE ORDER OF A

1492
01:02:11,027 --> 01:02:12,195
CENTURY, AND THE WORD IS OUT

1493
01:02:12,261 --> 01:02:13,096
THAT WE'RE HERE.

1494
01:02:13,162 --> 01:02:15,298
WHAT I FIND SO PUZZLING, AND

1495
01:02:15,364 --> 01:02:17,333
MAYBE BECAUSE I'VE BEEN SO LUCKY

1496
01:02:17,400 --> 01:02:21,537
TO HAVE A REALLY WONDERFUL LIFE,

1497
01:02:21,604 --> 01:02:24,140
IS THAT WE ALWAYS ASSUME THAT

1498
01:02:24,207 --> 01:02:26,075
THE EXTRA TERRESTRIALS WILL HAVE

1499
01:02:26,142 --> 01:02:28,678
TO BE TECHNOLOGICALLY MUCH MORE

1500
01:02:28,744 --> 01:02:29,946
ADVANCED THAN WE ARE.

1501
01:02:30,012 --> 01:02:33,516
AFTER ALL, THEY'RE SPACE FARING,

1502
01:02:33,583 --> 01:02:35,418
AND SUFFICIENTLY GOOD AT IT THAT

1503
01:02:35,485 --> 01:02:38,454
THEY CAN FLAG DOWN A DERELICT

1504
01:02:38,521 --> 01:02:41,157
SPACECRAFT IN THE MIDDLE OF

1505
01:02:41,224 --> 01:02:41,991
NOWHERE.

1506
01:02:42,058 --> 01:02:44,460
SO THEY'RE TECHNOLOGICALLY

1507
01:02:44,527 --> 01:02:45,228
ADVANCED.

1508
01:02:45,294 --> 01:02:47,096
BUT WE ALWAYS ASSUME THAT

1509
01:02:47,163 --> 01:02:51,534
THEY'LL BE EMOTIONALLY AND

1510
01:02:51,601 --> 01:02:55,004
SPIRITUALLY STUDENTED AS WE ARE,

1511
01:02:55,071 --> 01:02:56,339
THAT THEY WOULD TREAT US THE WAY

1512
01:02:56,405 --> 01:02:58,574
WE TREAT THE REST OF LIFE ON

1513
01:02:58,641 --> 01:02:59,942
THIS PLANET AND THE WAY WE TREAT

1514
01:03:00,009 --> 01:03:00,977
EACH OTHER.

1515
01:03:01,043 --> 01:03:05,014
I SAY BEAUTIFUL UNTIL PROVEN

1516
01:03:05,081 --> 01:03:05,515
UGLY.

1517
01:03:05,581 --> 01:03:06,983
IT REALLY MAKES NO SENSE TO ME

1518
01:03:07,049 --> 01:03:09,418
THAT YOU COULD BE THAT GOOD AT

1519
01:03:09,485 --> 01:03:13,489
TRAVELING AT SPACE, MASTERING

1520
01:03:13,556 --> 01:03:15,858
THE PLANETARY QUARANTINE THAT

1521
01:03:15,925 --> 01:03:17,460
WE'RE BORN INTO, AND FIGURING

1522
01:03:17,527 --> 01:03:19,762
OUT ALL THE DIFFICULTIES AND

1523
01:03:19,829 --> 01:03:22,932
CHALLENGES OF BEING A SPACE

1524
01:03:22,999 --> 01:03:24,033
FARING CIVILIZATION, AND STILL

1525
01:03:24,100 --> 01:03:26,068
BEING OUT THERE HUNTING FOR

1526
01:03:26,135 --> 01:03:27,403
LUNCH OR SOMETHING TO WEAR.

1527
01:03:27,470 --> 01:03:30,072
IT JUST DOESN'T STRIKE ME AS

1528
01:03:30,139 --> 01:03:30,673
PRACTICAL.

1529
01:03:30,740 --> 01:03:42,818
AND SO I SAY THE VOYAGES ARE A

1530
01:03:42,885 --> 01:03:44,320
MESSAGE IN A BOTTLE IN SPACE.

1531
01:03:44,387 --> 01:03:46,622
THEY MOVE SO SLOWLY THAT, YOU

1532
01:03:46,689 --> 01:03:49,458
KNOW, OUR RADIO SIGNALS OUT RUN

1533
01:03:49,525 --> 01:03:52,361
THEM AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT.

1534
01:03:52,428 --> 01:03:56,032
WHILE THEY PROD ALONG AT MAXIMUM

1535
01:03:56,098 --> 01:03:56,799
45,000 MPH.

1536
01:03:56,866 --> 01:04:02,104
SO NOT TO WORRY.

1537
01:04:02,171 --> 01:04:03,105
>> DR. STONE, I WAS INVOLVED

1538
01:04:03,172 --> 01:04:05,308
WITH THE FLY BY NEPTUNE.

1539
01:04:05,374 --> 01:04:17,320
YOU COULD SEE THOSE DARK CLOUDS

1540
01:04:17,386 --> 01:04:19,622
THERE WAS SPECULATION THAT

1541
01:04:19,689 --> 01:04:20,856
THEY'RE HYDROCARBONS.

1542
01:04:20,923 --> 01:04:23,159
>> I KNOW A LITTLE BIT ABOUT

1543
01:04:23,226 --> 01:04:23,693
THAT.

1544
01:04:23,759 --> 01:04:28,097
TRITON'S SURFACE IS MOSTLY

1545
01:04:28,164 --> 01:04:29,665
METHANE AND THIGHIO JEN.

1546
01:04:29,732 --> 01:04:33,436
AS IT MOVES THROUGH THE SEASON,

1547
01:04:33,502 --> 01:04:34,503
IT'S METHANE SNOW THAT MOVES AND

1548
01:04:34,570 --> 01:04:36,439
CONDENSES, SO IT MOVES FROM POLE

1549
01:04:36,505 --> 01:04:37,373
TO POLE.

1550
01:04:37,440 --> 01:04:40,243
SO WHEN HYDROCARBONS LIKE

1551
01:04:40,309 --> 01:04:42,812
METHANE OR NITROGEN GETS TRAPPED

1552
01:04:42,878 --> 01:04:45,081
UNDER THE SNOW AND WARMS UP, IT

1553
01:04:45,147 --> 01:04:46,949
TURNS TO A GAS THAT VENTS OUT.

1554
01:04:47,016 --> 01:04:48,317
THAT'S WHAT YOU'RE SEEING.

1555
01:04:48,384 --> 01:04:50,620
I BELIEVE THE DARK MARKS ARE

1556
01:04:50,686 --> 01:04:51,988
VERY SIMILAR TO MATERIAL THAT WE

1557
01:04:52,054 --> 01:04:54,924
SEE ON TITAN, WHICH IS WHEN

1558
01:04:54,991 --> 01:04:57,226
METHANE AND SOME OTHER SMALL

1559
01:04:57,293 --> 01:05:00,263
MOLECULES INTERACT WITH UV

1560
01:05:00,329 --> 01:05:01,530
RADIATION AND OTHER SOURCES IN

1561
01:05:01,597 --> 01:05:04,734
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM, IT FORMS OTHER

1562
01:05:04,800 --> 01:05:13,876
MOLECULES DARKER IN COLOR.

1563
01:05:13,943 --> 01:05:17,813
IT WAS A TERM NAMED BY CARL

1564
01:05:17,880 --> 01:05:23,452
SAGAN BECAUSE OF MUDDY COLORS.

1565
01:05:23,519 --> 01:05:24,754
>> THIS QUESTION COMES FROM

1566
01:05:24,820 --> 01:05:25,454
TWITTER.

1567
01:05:25,521 --> 01:05:27,123
WHEN IS THE NEXT OPPORTUNITY FOR

1568
01:05:27,189 --> 01:05:34,163
A MISSION THAT FLY BY NEPTUNE.

1569
01:05:34,230 --> 01:05:36,599
>> SINCE IT TAKES A LONG TIME

1570
01:05:36,666 --> 01:05:39,335
WITH CHEMICAL PROPULSION, WE'LL

1571
01:05:39,402 --> 01:05:41,003
HAVE TO USE GRAVITY ASSIST.

1572
01:05:41,070 --> 01:05:42,471
I THINK THERE ARE HUNDREDS OF

1573
01:05:42,538 --> 01:05:43,773
POSSIBILITIES WITHIN THE NEXT

1574
01:05:43,839 --> 01:05:45,107
TEN YEARS OR SO TO DO THAT.

1575
01:05:45,174 --> 01:05:47,510
IT CAN BE DONE.

1576
01:05:47,576 --> 01:05:51,213
>> YES, AT LEAST AN URANIS ORBIT

1577
01:05:51,280 --> 01:05:54,417
INCLUDED IN THE RECENT SURVEY.

1578
01:05:54,483 --> 01:05:58,354
THERE ARE ICE SCIENTIST WHO IS

1579
01:05:58,421 --> 01:06:00,690
ARE INTERESTED IN EXPLORING

1580
01:06:00,756 --> 01:06:02,258
THESE FANTASTIC SYSTEMS.

1581
01:06:02,325 --> 01:06:05,861
>> ANOTHER AUDIENCE QUESTION.

1582
01:06:05,928 --> 01:06:08,397
>> I GOT A QUESTION ABOUT THE

1583
01:06:08,464 --> 01:06:10,399
SPACECRAFT ITSELF AND DEBRIS.

1584
01:06:10,466 --> 01:06:13,536
I KNOW YOU'RE MEASURING PLASMA,

1585
01:06:13,602 --> 01:06:15,104
BUT WHAT ABOUT DUST, AND DO YOU

1586
01:06:15,171 --> 01:06:17,506
EXPECT TO SEE SWISS CHEESE AT

1587
01:06:17,573 --> 01:06:20,242
THIS TIME STRUCTURALLY?

1588
01:06:20,309 --> 01:06:21,711
>> IT TURNS OUT THAT SPACE IS

1589
01:06:21,777 --> 01:06:25,915
REALLY EMPTY, AND THE GOLD COVER

1590
01:06:25,981 --> 01:06:28,918
YOU SEE THERE IN THE IMAGE IS,

1591
01:06:28,984 --> 01:06:30,753
IN FACT, A DUST COVER.

1592
01:06:30,820 --> 01:06:32,254
THE RECORD IS BEHIND IT.

1593
01:06:32,321 --> 01:06:35,257
THAT COVER IS THICK ENOUGH--IT'S

1594
01:06:35,324 --> 01:06:38,260
THERE BECAUSE MICRO METEORITES

1595
01:06:38,327 --> 01:06:40,429
IN SPACE WOULD DISRUPT AND PIT

1596
01:06:40,496 --> 01:06:41,597
THE GLOVES IN THE RECORD.

1597
01:06:41,664 --> 01:06:43,232
BUT THEY BELIEVE THAT PLATE IS

1598
01:06:43,299 --> 01:06:46,535
MORE THAN ENOUGH TO GIVE A

1599
01:06:46,602 --> 01:06:47,536
BILLION-YEAR LIFETIME AGAINST

1600
01:06:47,603 --> 01:06:49,171
THIS TYPE OF DUST DAMAGE.

1601
01:06:49,238 --> 01:06:50,573
IT'S VERY UNLIKELY.

1602
01:06:50,639 --> 01:06:54,410
THESE ARE TINY METEORITES.

1603
01:06:54,477 --> 01:06:56,345
>> THIS WHOLE THING WHEN WE WERE

1604
01:06:56,412 --> 01:06:57,847
FIRST PROPOSING THIS, EVERYBODY

1605
01:06:57,913 --> 01:06:59,548
TOLD ME THAT YOU'RE WASTING YOUR

1606
01:06:59,615 --> 01:07:00,082
TIME.

1607
01:07:00,149 --> 01:07:02,017
YOU CANNOT GET THROUGH THE

1608
01:07:02,084 --> 01:07:03,185
ASTROID BELT WITH THAT

1609
01:07:03,252 --> 01:07:03,986
SPACECRAFT.

1610
01:07:04,053 --> 01:07:05,354
FORGET IT, YOU'RE NOT GOING TO

1611
01:07:05,421 --> 01:07:06,088
MAKE IT THROUGH.

1612
01:07:06,155 --> 01:07:07,223
I DON'T THINK THERE WAS ANY SIGN

1613
01:07:07,289 --> 01:07:13,796
OF ANY PROBLEM GOING THROUGH.

1614
01:07:13,863 --> 01:07:21,470
>> WITH ADVANCES IN AND THE

1615
01:07:21,537 --> 01:07:22,505
ABILITY TO CROWD SOURCE, HOW DO

1616
01:07:22,571 --> 01:07:24,607
YOU THINK THE PROCESS OF MAKING

1617
01:07:24,673 --> 01:07:26,675
ANOTHER PROJECT LIKE THE GOLDEN

1618
01:07:26,742 --> 01:07:28,611
RECORD WOULD BE, AND HOW

1619
01:07:28,677 --> 01:07:30,012
DIFFERENT DO YOU THINK THE END

1620
01:07:30,079 --> 01:07:33,582
RESULTS WOULD BE?

1621
01:07:33,649 --> 01:07:36,452
>> FIRST OF ALL, THE OPPORTUNITY

1622
01:07:36,519 --> 01:07:37,219
TO COMPRESS SO MUCH.

1623
01:07:37,286 --> 01:07:42,124
I MEAN, REALLY WITH OUR NANO

1624
01:07:42,191 --> 01:07:44,193
TECHNOLOGIES, AND OUR ABILITY TO

1625
01:07:44,260 --> 01:07:45,828
COMPRESS, WE COULD SEND THE

1626
01:07:45,895 --> 01:07:47,430
ENTIRE INTERNET ON THE NEXT

1627
01:07:47,496 --> 01:07:48,597
REALLY EPIC MISSION.

1628
01:07:48,664 --> 01:07:54,437
WE COULD SEND THE WHOLE

1629
01:07:54,503 --> 01:07:55,938
EVERYTHING WE ARE WITHOUT ANY

1630
01:07:56,005 --> 01:07:56,572
DIFFICULTY.

1631
01:07:56,639 --> 01:08:00,409
IT WAS A CHALLENGE IN 1977 TO

1632
01:08:00,476 --> 01:08:07,550
SELECT THE PIECES OF MUSIC, THE

1633
01:08:07,616 --> 01:08:09,118
WHITTLING PROCESS WAS

1634
01:08:09,185 --> 01:08:11,020
HEARTBREAKING AT TIMES FOR THE

1635
01:08:11,086 --> 01:08:14,356
SOUNDS AND GLEANINGS PRECISELY

1636
01:08:14,423 --> 01:08:15,291
BECAUSE OF THE FINITE SPACE

1637
01:08:15,357 --> 01:08:26,202
AVAILABLE ON A PHONOGRAPH

1638
01:08:26,268 --> 01:08:26,902
RECORD.

1639
01:08:26,969 --> 01:08:28,337
IF WE WERE GOING TO SEND IT NOW,

1640
01:08:28,404 --> 01:08:31,574
YOU KNOW, IT'S A PROJECT THAT I

1641
01:08:31,640 --> 01:08:34,043
HAVE PERIPHERAL ASSOCIATION

1642
01:08:34,109 --> 01:08:37,246
BREAK THROUGH

1643
01:08:37,313 --> 01:08:42,985
CONTEMPLATING--IT'S CALLED BREAK

1644
01:08:43,052 --> 01:08:52,761
THROUGH STAR SHOT WITH GREATER

1645
01:08:52,828 --> 01:08:54,964
CAPABILITIES THAN EACH OF THE

1646
01:08:55,030 --> 01:08:57,600
VOYAGERS AND MOVING NOT AT

1647
01:08:57,666 --> 01:09:01,370
40,000 MPH, BUT ULTIMATELY IF

1648
01:09:01,437 --> 01:09:03,172
SUCCESSFUL, A SIGNIFICANT

1649
01:09:03,239 --> 01:09:07,610
FRACTION OF THE SPEED OF LIGHT.

1650
01:09:07,676 --> 01:09:09,678
THE POSSIBILITIES ARE INFY NAT

1651
01:09:09,745 --> 01:09:11,380
IF WE GET OUR ACT TOGETHER HERE

1652
01:09:11,447 --> 01:09:13,749
ON EARTH.

1653
01:09:13,816 --> 01:09:15,551
>> I THINK WE HAVE TIME FOR TWO

1654
01:09:15,618 --> 01:09:17,620
MORE QUESTIONS.

1655
01:09:17,686 --> 01:09:20,122
>> I CERTAINLY HAVE ENJOYED

1656
01:09:20,189 --> 01:09:21,790
LISTENING TO ALL OF YOU, YOUNG

1657
01:09:21,857 --> 01:09:24,560
AND OLD, AND TO SEE THE VOYAGER

1658
01:09:24,627 --> 01:09:25,461
HAS A FUTURE.

1659
01:09:25,528 --> 01:09:26,662
BUT THERE IS SOMETHING GOING

1660
01:09:26,729 --> 01:09:28,397
AROUND ON THE INTERNET THAT I

1661
01:09:28,464 --> 01:09:31,567
HOPE SOMEBODY CAN DESCRIBE.

1662
01:09:31,634 --> 01:09:34,370
THAT IS THE EFFECTS THAT

1663
01:09:34,436 --> 01:09:36,038
PIONEERING VOYAGER HAD ON

1664
01:09:36,105 --> 01:09:43,846
GETTING RID OF PLANET X.

1665
01:09:43,913 --> 01:09:45,981
>> WELL, I THINK PIONEER TEN,

1666
01:09:46,048 --> 01:09:50,419
THEY TRACKED THE SPACECRAFT VERY

1667
01:09:50,486 --> 01:09:52,321
ACCURATELY THEY THOUGHT THERE

1668
01:09:52,388 --> 01:09:57,159
THEY HAD FOUND A SMALL RESIDUAL

1669
01:09:57,226 --> 01:09:59,094
ACCELERATION THAT WAS NOT

1670
01:09:59,161 --> 01:10:02,865
ACCOUNTED FOR BY KNOWN FISTICS.

1671
01:10:02,932 --> 01:10:06,168
THAT WOULD BE EXCITING IF THERE

1672
01:10:06,235 --> 01:10:11,974
WAS NEW PHYSICS AFFECTING THE

1673
01:10:12,041 --> 01:10:13,742
SCALE.

1674
01:10:13,809 --> 01:10:15,110
THEY HAVE CONCLUDED

1675
01:10:15,177 --> 01:10:17,713
UNFORTUNATELY THAT IT WAS REALLY

1676
01:10:17,780 --> 01:10:20,149
MATERIAL PROPERTIES HAVING TO DO

1677
01:10:20,215 --> 01:10:21,517
WITH THE SPACECRAFT RADIATING

1678
01:10:21,584 --> 01:10:26,455
THE HEAT OF WAVES FROM THE SUN.

1679
01:10:26,522 --> 01:10:31,226
THERE IS NO NEW PHYSICS

1680
01:10:31,293 --> 01:10:32,094
INVOLVED.

1681
01:10:32,161 --> 01:10:40,603
>> FIRST I WOULD LIKE TO THANK

1682
01:10:40,669 --> 01:10:43,339
NASA FOR RUINING MY BIRTHDAY

1683
01:10:43,405 --> 01:10:48,277
BECAUSE IT WENT UP FIVE DAYS

1684
01:10:48,344 --> 01:10:53,048
BEFORE.

1685
01:10:53,115 --> 01:10:57,519
>> VOYAGER TWO WE FOUND WE LOST

1686
01:10:57,586 --> 01:11:00,522
THE ONE RECEIVER, SO WE HAD TO

1687
01:11:00,589 --> 01:11:05,094
LEARN HOW TO SEND THE RIGHT

1688
01:11:05,160 --> 01:11:06,495
FREQUENCIES, BUT THAT WAS A

1689
01:11:06,562 --> 01:11:07,997
SCARY PERIOD OF SEVERAL MONTHS

1690
01:11:08,063 --> 01:11:12,368
AS WE SORTED OUT WHAT HAPPENED.

1691
01:11:12,434 --> 01:11:14,069
WE HAD FLOWN THE ENTIRE MISSION

1692
01:11:14,136 --> 01:11:17,239
WITH THIS TONE-DEAF RECEIVER.

1693
01:11:17,306 --> 01:11:22,378
THAT'S FINE.

1694
01:11:22,444 --> 01:11:23,646
NORMALLY YOU DON'T HEAR ABOUT

1695
01:11:23,712 --> 01:11:25,814
THEM BECAUSE ONCE THEY GET FIXED

1696
01:11:25,881 --> 01:11:27,049
IT'S OLD NEWS.

1697
01:11:27,116 --> 01:11:34,490
WE'RE VERY LUCKY, BECAUSE THAT

1698
01:11:34,556 --> 01:11:38,794
IS THE RISK OF SPACE.

1699
01:11:38,861 --> 01:11:40,763
>> WE WOULD LIKE TO THANK OUR

1700
01:11:40,829 --> 01:11:42,831
SECOND PANEL FOR DOING A

1701
01:11:42,898 --> 01:11:45,567
WONDERFUL JOB AND GIVE US A

1702
01:11:45,634 --> 01:11:50,305
GREAT HISTORY AND FUTURE OF

1703
01:11:50,372 --> 01:11:52,975
VOYAGER PROJECT.

1704
01:11:53,042 --> 01:11:53,475
[APPLAUSE]

1705
01:11:53,542 --> 01:11:57,079
I WANT TO TURN THINGS OVER TO

1706
01:11:57,146 --> 01:11:59,682
ANN DRUYAN, WHO IS GOING TO

1707
01:11:59,748 --> 01:12:01,050
PRESENT THE FINAL PART OF OUR

1708
01:12:01,116 --> 01:12:04,720
DAY'S ACTIVITIES.

1709
01:12:04,787 --> 01:12:06,388
>> WELL, WHAT YOU SEE BEFORE YOU

1710
01:12:06,455 --> 01:12:09,792
UP ON THE SCREEN IS VOYAGER'S

1711
01:12:09,858 --> 01:12:11,860
FINAL LOOK HOMEWARD, A PICTURE

1712
01:12:11,927 --> 01:12:14,730
THAT WAS TAKEN BECAUSE CARL

1713
01:12:14,797 --> 01:12:18,167
SAGAN LOBBIED ENDLESSLY TO HAVE

1714
01:12:18,233 --> 01:12:19,134
IT TAKEN.

1715
01:12:19,201 --> 01:12:21,537
IT WAS RELUCTANT TO TAKE IT

1716
01:12:21,603 --> 01:12:23,572
BECAUSE TO LOOK HOMEWARD WAS TO

1717
01:12:23,639 --> 01:12:26,208
LOOK BACK TO THE SUN, WHICH

1718
01:12:26,275 --> 01:12:28,477
MEANT THE POSSIBILITY THAT IT

1719
01:12:28,544 --> 01:12:30,713
WOULD BURN UP.

1720
01:12:30,779 --> 01:12:32,247
BUT AS CARL KEPT SAYING, WE'RE

1721
01:12:32,314 --> 01:12:34,516
NOT GOING TO TAKE ANY MORE

1722
01:12:34,583 --> 01:12:35,117
PICTURES.

1723
01:12:35,184 --> 01:12:39,054
HE KNEW THAT IT WOULD BE

1724
01:12:39,121 --> 01:12:42,991
IMPORTANT FOR US TO SEE OUR

1725
01:12:43,058 --> 01:12:46,528
WHOLE PLANET NOT AS THE

1726
01:12:46,595 --> 01:12:50,399
FRAME-FILLING APOLLO IMAGE WITH

1727
01:12:50,466 --> 01:12:53,869
SUCH A CHANGE IN THE HISTORY OF

1728
01:12:53,936 --> 01:12:54,570
OUR CIVILIZATION.

1729
01:12:54,636 --> 01:12:55,771
I REMEMBER SEEING THE EARTH FROM

1730
01:12:55,838 --> 01:12:57,372
SPACE FOR THE FIRST TIME, AND

1731
01:12:57,439 --> 01:12:59,541
SEEING IT FILL THE FRAME, AND

1732
01:12:59,608 --> 01:13:01,243
BELIEVING FOR THE FIRST TIME IN

1733
01:13:01,310 --> 01:13:03,679
THE KIND OF VISCERAL WAY, YES,

1734
01:13:03,746 --> 01:13:07,116
WE LIVE ON A WORLD THAT MOVES

1735
01:13:07,182 --> 01:13:10,953
THROUGH SPACE.

1736
01:13:11,019 --> 01:13:18,560
THIS IS WHAT WE REALLY NEED

1737
01:13:18,627 --> 01:13:19,862
RIGHT FOR THIS MOMENT.

1738
01:13:19,928 --> 01:13:21,964
THIS IS NOT A FRAME-FILLING

1739
01:13:22,030 --> 01:13:26,869
IMAGE OF THE EARTH.

1740
01:13:26,935 --> 01:13:31,507
WE LIVE ON AN ONE PIXEL WORLD IN

1741
01:13:31,573 --> 01:13:33,976
THE SCALE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM.

1742
01:13:34,042 --> 01:13:36,178
FORGET ABOUT TF THE

1743
01:13:36,245 --> 01:13:36,512
GALAXY.

1744
01:13:36,578 --> 01:13:39,982
FORGET ABOUT THE SCALE OF THE

1745
01:13:40,048 --> 01:13:41,083
100 BILLION GALAXIES.

1746
01:13:41,150 --> 01:13:42,718
FORGET THE PART OF THE UNIVERSE

1747
01:13:42,785 --> 01:13:44,887
THAT WE HAVE YET TO APPREHEND.

1748
01:13:44,953 --> 01:13:47,723
WE ONLY UNDERSTAND AND REALLY

1749
01:13:47,790 --> 01:13:50,959
KNOW SUCH A SMALL PART OF IT.

1750
01:13:51,026 --> 01:13:54,863
AND THAT'S REALLY US AS.

1751
01:13:57,366 --> 01:13:59,902
IT SHOWS US HOW WE SHOULD LIVE.

1752
01:13:59,968 --> 01:14:08,110
I'M SO GLAD IN A IT HAS EXCEEDED

1753
01:14:08,177 --> 01:14:08,544
CARL'S WISHES.

1754
01:14:08,610 --> 01:14:14,316
IN THE BIBLE IT SAYS SEE IT AS A

1755
01:14:14,383 --> 01:14:14,783
WALK.

1756
01:14:14,850 --> 01:14:17,186
IN THE MORNING, IN THE NIGHT, TO

1757
01:14:17,252 --> 01:14:32,334
SEE THAT IN SOMETHING THAT IS

1758
01:14:32,401 --> 01:14:34,336
WORTHY OF OUR CHILDREN AND

1759
01:14:34,403 --> 01:14:35,103
GRANDCHILDREN.

1760
01:14:35,170 --> 01:14:37,472
THANK YOU.

1761
01:14:37,539 --> 01:14:43,278
[APPLAUSE]

1762
01:14:43,345 --> 01:14:43,679
ED.

1763
01:14:43,745 --> 01:14:45,814
>> THANK YOU TO ANN AND ALL OF

1764
01:14:45,881 --> 01:14:47,916
OUR PANELISTS AND SPEAKERS

1765
01:14:47,983 --> 01:14:48,750
TODAY.

1766
01:14:48,817 --> 01:14:51,053
ON BEHALF OF THE SPACE MUSEUM,

1767
01:14:51,119 --> 01:14:52,688
THANK YOU FOR JOINING US TODAY,